Main description:

Six years ago the editors of the Encyclopedia of Medical Radiology selected two additional editors from the emerging generation of young radiologists to complete this unique compendium of radiology. Klaus Ranniger was one of them and he worked with enthusiasm and great energy at the challenge facing him. His editorial work was excellent and he succeeded in winning internationally acclaimed scientists to contribute to this volume. Their chapters have met the requirements and goals we set out to achieve in every aspect and to the highest degree. The majority of the authors valued Klaus Ranniger not only as a fellow scientist and doctor but also as a personal friend. In America, his adopted country, he found acknowledgement of his personal achievement and scientific research. He was highly respected and admired among specialists in the field of radiology. Klaus Ranniger, our coeditor and friend, died suddenly and unexpectedly before this volume could be published. We are honored to present this volume as his legacy.
FRIEDRICH HEUCK Vorwort Die Herausgeber des Handbuches der medizinischen Radiologie nahmen vor sechs Jahren aus der nachfolgenden Generation von Radiologen zwei Mitarbeiter in ihren Kreis auf, urn dieses im wissenschaftlichen Schrifttum der Welt einmalige Sammelwerk der Radiologie aus dem Springer-Verlag zum AbschluB zu bringen. Mit groBer Tatkraft und echter Begeisterung hat Klaus RANNIGER die ihm gestellten Aufgaben tibernommen.

Contents:

Diagnosis, Classification, and Nomenclature of Bone Tumors..- A. Introduction.- B. Diagnosis of Bone Tumors.- C. Radiologic Examination.- D. Pathologic Examination.- I. Surgical Biopsy.- II. Needle or Aspiration Biopsy.- E. Value and Limitations of Histochemistry in the Study of Bone Tumors.- F. Electron Microscopy.- G. Classification and Nomenclature of Bone Tumors.- H. Histological Typing of Primary Bone Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions (WHO).- References.- Radiologie Approach to Bone Tumors..- A. Location.- B. Cortex.- C. The Periosteum.- D. Destruction of Bone.- E. Margination or Zone of Transition.- F. Increase in Bone Density.- G. Matrix Calcification.- H. Expansion of the Cortex.- I. Trabeculation.- J. Size.- K. Shape.- L. The Joint Space.- M. The Age of the Patient.- N. The Incidence of the Various Tumors.- References see page 67.- General Concepts and Pathology of Tumors of Osseous Origin..- I. Osteoma.- II. Osteoid Osteoma.- III. Benign Osteoblastoma.- IV. Osteogenic Sarcoma or Osteosarcoma.- A. Benign Tumors of Osseous Origin.- I. Osteoma.- II. Osteoid Osteoma.- III. Osteoblastoma.- B. Malignant Tumors of Osseous Origin.- I. Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma, Central Osteosarcoma).- II. Primary Multicentric Osteogenic Sarcoma.- III. Osteogenic Sarcoma Developing in Abnormal Bone.- IV. Osteogenic Sarcoma as a Complication of Paget's Disease.- V. Osteogenic Sarcoma Arising in Previously Irradiated Bone.- VI. Osteogenic Sarcoma Associated with Fibrous Dysplasia.- VII. Osteogenic Sarcoma in Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- VIII. Soft Tissue Osteogenic Sarcoma.- References.- Parosteal Osteosarcoma..- A. Clinical Features.- I. Age and Sex.- II. Localization.- III. Symptoms.- IV. Roentgenographic Features.- V. Angiographic Features.- VI. Differential Diagnosis.- VII. Histopathological Features.- B. Treatment.- References.- Cartilaginous Tumors and Cartilage-Forming Tumor-like Conditions of the Bones and Soft Tissues..- A. Introduction.- B. Solitary Osteochondroma.- I. Pathogenesis.- II. Site.- III. Clinical.- IV. Roentgen.- V. Histology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- C. Radiation-Induced Osteochondromas.- D. Multiple Osteochondromatosis.- I. Clinical.- II. Roentgen Features.- III. Course.- E. Solitary Enchondromas.- I. Pathogenesis.- II. Site.- III. Clinical Features.- IV. Roentgen Features.- V. Differential Diagnosis.- VI. Histology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- VII. Treatment and Course.- F. Multiple Enchondromatosis.- I. Pathogenesis.- II. Clinical.- III. Roentgen Features.- IV. Histology.- G. Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica.- I. Pathogenesis.- II. Site.- III. Clinical.- IV. Roentgen.- V. Histology.- VI. Course.- H. Juxtacortical (periosteal) Chondroma.- I. Clinical.- II. Roentgen.- III. Differential Diagnosis.- IV. Histology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- V. Course.- I. Chondroblastoma.- I. Pathogenesis.- II. Prevalence and Site.- III. Age and Sex Distribution.- IV. Symptoms.- V. Roentgen Findings in Chondroblastoma.- VI. Differential Diagnosis.- VII. Pathologic Findings.- 1. Gross Features.- 2. Microscopic.- 3. Electron Microscopic Findings.- VIII. Treatment and Results.- J. Chondromyxoid Fibroma.- I. Age and Sex.- II. Clinical Features.- III. Sites of Localization.- IV. Roentgenographic Features.- V. Differential Diagnosis.- VI. Pathologic Findings.- 1. Gross Features.- 2. Microscopic.- VII. Treatment, Recurrence, Malignant Transformation.- K. Chondrosarcoma.- I. Incidence.- II. Age and Sex.- III. Clinical.- IV. Sites.- V. Roentgenographic Features.- L. Peripheral Chondrosarcoma.- I. Histologic Criteria.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- II. Clinical Course.- M. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma.- I. Clinical.- II. Course.- III. Histology.- 1. Gross.- IV. Roentgen.- N. Dedifferentiation of Chondrosarcoma.- I. Clinical.- II. Pathology.- 1. Microscopic.- III. Roentgen.- IV. Course.- O. Extraskeletal Cartilage Tumors of the Soft Tissues.- I. Malignant Soft Tissue Cartilage Tumors.- II. Pathology.- III. Roentgen.- IV. Treatment and Prognosis.- V. Benign Soft Tissue Cartilage Tumors.- VI. Pathogenesis.- VII. Clinical.- VIII. Site.- IX. Pathology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- X. Roentgen.- P. Synovial Chondromatosis.- I. Clinical.- II. Pathology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- III. Roentgen.- IV. Treatment and Prognosis.- V. Synovial Chondrosarcoma.- Q. Summary.- References.- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone..- A. Clinical Features.- B. Pathologic Features.- C. Roentgenographic Features.- D. Treatment and Prognosis.- References.- Marrow Tumors..- A. Ewing's Sarcoma.- I. Introduction.- II. Incidence.- III. Age.- IV. Sex Incidence.- V. Bones Involved.- VI. Clinical Presentation.- VII. Laboratory Data.- VIII. Radiologic Features.- 1. Periosteal Reaction.- a) Onion-Skin Pattern of Subperiosteal Bone Formation.- b) Right-Angled Spiculation (Sunray Appearance).- c) Codman's triangle.- 2. Destruction of Bone.- 3. Reactive New Bone Formation.- 4. Soft-tissue Swelling.- 5. Pathologic Fractures.- 6. Other Appearances.- IX. Pathology.- 1. Gross *.- 2. Microscopic.- X. Treatment.- XI. Prognosis.- XII. Differential Diagnosis.- B. Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Bone.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Incidence.- IV. Age.- V. Sex Incidence.- VI. Bones Involved.- VII. Clinically.- VIII. Laboratory Data.- IX. Radiologic Features.- 1. Location of Tumor in Bone.- 2. Destruction of Cancellous Bone.- 3. Destruction of Cortical Bone.- 4. Reactive Proliferation of Bone.- 5. Cortical Thickening.- 6. Periosteal Reaction.- 7. Soft-Tissue Involvement.- 8. Pathologic Fracture.- X. Pathology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- XI. Treatment.- XII. 5-Year Survival Rate.- XIII. Metastases.- XIV. Differential Diagnosis.- C. Multiple Myeloma and Solitary Plasmacytoma.- I. Incidence and Pathogenesis.- II. Age.- III. Sex.- IV. Bones Involved.- V. Clinical and Laboratory Data.- VI. Diagnosis and Classification.- VII. Radiologic Features.- 1. Destructive Osteoclastic Lesions.- a) Sharply Defined "Punched Out" Lesions.- b) Expansile Lytic Areas.- c) Generalized Osteoporosis.- d) Pathologic Fractures.- 2. Mixed Osteolytic and Osteoblastic Lesions.- 3. Purely Osteoblastic Lesions.- 4. Other Radiologie Features.- VIII. Pathology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- IX. Treatment.- X. Prognosis.- 1. Renal Disease in Multiple Myeloma.- 2. Amyloid.- XI. Differential Diagnosis.- D. Lymphoma of Bone.- I. Introduction.- II. Incidence.- III. Age.- IV. Sex.- V. Bones Involved.- VI. Clinical Presentation.- VII. Laboratory Data.- VIII. Radiologie Features.- 1. Lymphosarcoma.- 2. Hodgkin's Disease.- IX. Pathologic Features.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- X. Treatment.- XI. Prognosis.- XII. Differential Diagnosis.- References.- Vascular Tumors of Bone..- A. Hemangiomas.- Roentgenographic Appearance.- I. Diffuse Skeletal Hemangiomatosis.- Roentgenographic Appearance.- II. Massive Osteolysis.- Roentgenographic Appearance.- B. Lymphangioma.- Roentgenographic Appearance.- C. Glomus Tumor.- D. Hemangiopericytoma.- Roentgenographic Appearance.- E. Hemangioendothelioma (Angiosarcoma).- Roentgenographic Appearance.- References.- Connective Tissue Tumors of Bone..- A. Chondrogenic Series.- B. Fibrogenic Series.- C. Fibrosarcoma.- D. Lipoma.- E. Liposarcoma.- References.- Chordoma..- A. Introduction.- B. Embryology.- I. General Considerations.- II. Formation of Notochord.- III. Origin of Notochord.- IV. Chordal Ectopia and Chordal Remnants.- 1. Ecchordosis Physaliphora.- 2. Other Notochordal Remnants.- 3. Relationship of Notochordal Remnants to Chordoma.- C. Pathology.- I. Gross Pathology.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Classification of Chordoma.- 3. Topographic Distribution of Chordoma.- 4. Gross Pathology of the Intracranial Chordomas.- 5. Gross Pathology of Nasopharyngeal Chordomas.- 6. Gross Pathology of Vertebral Chordomas.- 7. Gross Pathology of Sacrococcygeal Chordomas.- 8. Histology of Chordoma.- a) Histogenesis.- b) Cytology.- 9. Metastasis.- 10. Chordoma in Unusual Locations.- D. Clinical Findings.- I. General Considerations.- 1. Age and Sex.- 2. Symptomatology.- a) Clinical Findings in Intracranial Chordomas.- b) Clinical Findings in Nasopharyngeal Chordoma.- c) Clinical Findings in Vertebral Chordoma.- d) Clinical Findings in Sacrococcygeal Chordoma.- E. Roentgenologic Findings.- I. Intracranial Chordomas.- 1. Plain Film Findings (Including Body-Section Radiography).- 2. Calcifications.- 3. Angiography.- a) Carotid Angiography.- b) Vertebral Angiography.- 4. Pneumoencephalography.- 5. Brain Scan (Technetium 99m pertechnetate).- 6. Computerized Tomographic (CT) Scan.- II. Nasopharyngeal Chordomas.- III. Vertebral Chordomas.- 1. Plain Film Findings.- 2. Myelography.- 3. Angiography.- IV. Sacrococcygeal Chordoma.- V. Diagnosis.- VI. Treatment.- References.- Adamantinoma (Malignant Angioblastoma), Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma), Neurofibroma..- A. Adamantinoma Long Bones and Ameloblastoma - Jaw.- I. Nomenclature.- II. Clinical.- III. Pathology.- IV. Roentgenology.- V. Treatment.- B. Schwannoma (Neurilemmoma).- I. Nomenclature.- II. Clinical.- III. Pathology.- IV. Roentgenology.- V. Treatment.- C. Neurofibroma.- I. Nomenclature.- II. Clinical.- III. Pathology.- IV. Roentgenology.- V. Treatment.- References.- Tumor-like Lesions..- A. The Solitary Bone Cyst.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Clinical.- IV. Pathology.- V. Pathogenesis.- VI. Roentgenology.- VII. Differential Diagnosis.- VIII. Treatment and Prognosis.- B. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Clinical.- IV. Pathology.- V. Pathogenesis.- VI. Roentgenology.- VII. Differential Diagnosis.- VIII. Treatment and Prognosis.- C. Juxta-Articular Bone Cyst (Intraosseous Ganglia).- I. Introduction.- II. Etiology.- III. Clinical.- IV. Pathology.- V. Roentgen Appearance.- D. The Fibrous Cortical Defect or Nonosteogenic Fibroma.- I. Introduction.- II. Incidence.- III. Clinical Manifestations.- 1. Laboratory Findings.- 2. Other Clinical Findings.- IV. Location and Bilaterality.- V. Pathogenesis.- VI. Pathology.- VII. Roentgenology.- VIII. Roentgenologic Course and Prognosis.- IX. Differential Diagnosis.- E. Eosinophilic Granuloma.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Clinical Manifestations.- IV. Pathogenesis.- V. Radiographic Findings.- 1. Skull.- 2. Mandible.- 3. Spine.- 4. Long and Flat Bones.- VI. Pathology.- 1. Gross.- 2. Microscopic.- VII. Differential Diagnosis.- VIII. Treatment and Course.- F. Fibrous Dysplasia.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Clinical.- 1. Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia.- 2. Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia and Albright Syndrome.- 3. Associated Disorders.- 4. Malignant Transformation.- IV. Pathology.- V. Etiology.- VI. Roentgenology.- VII. Differential Diagnosis.- VIII. Treatment.- G. Myositis Ossificans.- I. Introduction.- 1. Other Terms.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Clinical.- 4. Pathology.- 5. Roentgen Appearance.- 6. Treatment.- II. Myositis Ossificans Progressiva.- 1. Other Terms.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Clinical.- 4. Pathology.- 5. Roentgen Appearance.- 6. Treatment.- H. Brown Tumors of Hyperparathyroidism.- I. Introduction.- II. History.- III. Etiology.- 1. Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- 2. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.- IV. Clinical.- V. Pathology.- VI. Roentgen Findings.- References.- Metastatic Bone Disease..- A. Incidence.- B. Localization.- C. Method of Diagnosis.- I. Clinical Evaluation.- II. Roentgenographic Examination.- III. Bone Scanning.- D. Mechanisms of Metastasis.- E. Roentgenographic Diagnosis.- I. Patterns of Destruction.- II. Osteolytic Metastases.- III. Osteoblastic Metastases.- IV. Periosteal New Bone Formation.- V. Roentgenographic Characteristics.- VI. Spinal Metastases.- VII. Rib Metastases.- VIII. Skull Metastases.- IX. Peripheral Metastases.- X. Metastatic Disease in Children.- Conclusion.- References.- Study of Bone Tumors with Radionuclides..- A. Radionuclides.- I. Isotopes of Calcium.- II. Isotopes of Strontium.- III. Fluorine-18.- IV. Miscellaneous Radionuclides.- V. 99mTc Labeled Phosphate Compounds.- VI. Bone Marrow Imaging Agents.- B. Instrumentation.- C. Mechanisms of Localization.- D. Indications for Radionuclide Imaging of the Skeleton.- E. Malignant Tumors.- I. Osteosarcoma.- II. Malignant Tumors of Cartilaginous Origin.- III. Malignant Tumors of Vascular and Connective Tissue Origin.- IV. Malignant Tumors of Marrow Origin.- 1. Ewing's Sarcoma.- 2. Myeloma.- 3. Leukemia.- 4. Lymphoma.- F. Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Abnormalities.- 1. Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma.- 2. Chondroma.- 3. Giant Cell Tumor.- 4. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst.- 5. Fibrous Dysplasia.- 6. Paget's Disease.- 7. Eosinophilic Granuloma.- 8. Miscellaneous Lesions.- G. Conclusion.- References.- Angiography of Bone Tumors..- A. Introduction.- B. Vascular Anatomy.- I. Nutrient Arteries.- II. Periosteal and Perichondral Arteries.- III. Metaphyseal and Epiphyseal Arteries.- IV. Arterial Supply of Bone Lesions.- C. Arteriography.- I. Technique.- II. Pharmacoangiography.- III. Subtraction.- IV. Complications.- V. General Roentgenographic Findings.- D. Bone-Forming Tumors.- I. Osteoma.- II. Osteoid Osteoma.- III. Benign Osteoblastoma.- IV. Osteosarcoma.- V. Parosteal Osteosarcoma (Juxtacortical Osteosarcoma).- E. Cartilage-Forming Tumors.- I. Chondroma.- II. Osteochondroma.- III. Chondromyxoid Fibroma ..- IV. Benign Chondroblastoma.- V. Chondrosarcoma.- VI. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma.- F. Giant Cell Tumor and Aneurysmal Bone Cyst.- G. Vascular Tumors.- I. Hemangioma.- II. Lymphangioma.- III. Hemangiopericytoma.- H. Other Connective Tissue Tumors.- I. Lipoma.- II. Desmoplastic Fibroma.- III. Fibrosarcoma.- IV. Liposarcoma.- I. Marrow Tumors.- I. Ewing's Sarcoma and Reticulum Cell Sarcoma.- II. Myeloma.- J. Other Tumors.- I. Chordoma.- II. Adamantinoma of Long Bone.- III. Neurolemmoma (Schwannoma, Neuronoma).- K. Tumorlike Lesions.- I. Metaphyseal Fibrous Defect (Nonossifying Fibroma).- II. Fibrous Dysplasia.- III. Myositis Ossificans.- L. Metastatic Bone Lesions.- I. Osteolytic Metastasis.- II. Osteoblastic Metastasis.- References.- High-Resolution Radiographic Techniques for the Detection and Study of Skeletal Neoplasms..- A. Radiographic Techniques.- B. Comparison of Images Using Magnification Techniques.- I. Optical Magnification.- II. Optical Vs. Radiographic Magnification.- III. Radiographic Magnification.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Author Index - Namenverzeichnis.