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Main description:
Catecholamines are important transmitter substances in the autonomic and central nervous systems. These two volumes provide a comprehensive presentation of the state-of-the-art of catecholamine research and development in the past 15 years. The volumes present in-depth reviews of topical areas of catecholamine research in which substantial progress has been made and which are of current interest to various theoretical and clinical disciplines. Each topic has been dealt with by an established expert. Clinical subjects of relevant importance are included. Catecholamines are of interest in pharmacology, physiology, biochemistry, as well as in neurology, psychiatry, internal medicine (cardiology, hypertension, asthma), ophthalmology and anesthesiology.
Contents:
10 Catecholamines in the Central Nervous System.- A. Central Catecholamine-Containing Neuronal Systems.- I. Introduction.- 1. Dopaminergic Systems.- a. Tuberoinfundibular Dopamine System.- b. Mesocoritcal Dopamine System.- c. Mesostriatal Dopamine System.- d. Mesolimbic Dopamine System.- e. Incerto-Hypothalamic Dopamine System.- f. Periventricular Dopamine System.- g. Descending Spinal Dopaminergic Fibers.- h. Olfactory Dopamine System.- 2. The Noradrenergic System.- a. Ventral Noradrenergic Bundle (also called the ventral tegmental tract).- b. Dorsal Noradrenergic Bundle.- c. Dorsal Perventricular Noradrenergic System.- d. Ventral Periventricular Noradrenergic System.- e. Cerebellar Noradrenergic Pathway.- f. Bulbospinal Noradrenergic Pathways.- 3. The Adrenergic System.- B. Regional Concentrations of Catecholamines in the Brain.- I. Dopamine.- II. Noradrenaline.- III. Adrenaline.- C. Biochemical Studies on the Neuronal Projections of the Catecholaminergic Cells.- I. Dopamine.- II. Noradrenaline.- III. Adrenaline.- D. Regional Turnover of Catecholamines.- E. References.- 11 Catecholamines and Behaviour.- A. Introduction.- I. Catecholamine Hypotheses of Behaviors.- II. Theoretical Constructions Linking Catecholamines and Behavior.- B. Dopamine Systems.- I. Nigrostriatal System.- 1. Anatomical Foundations.- 2. Cellular Actions.- a. Iontophoretic Actions.- b. Intracellular Recordings of Dopamine Action.- c. Actions of the Pathways.- d. Functional Inferences from Lesion Studies.- e. Functional Implications from Behavioral Correlations of Dopamine Neuron Firing Patterns.- 3. Neuropsychopharmacology.- a. Motor Behavior.- b. Sensory-Motor Integration.- II. Mesocortical and Mesolimbic Systems.- 1. Anatomical Foundations.- 2. Cellular Actions.- 3. Neuropsychopharmacology.- a. Motor Behavior.- b. Motivational Effects.- III. General Behavioral Correlations: Dopamine and Reward.- a. Anatomical Studies.- b. Pharmacological Studies.- IV. Dopamine and Learning.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- C. Noradrenergic Systems.- I. Anatomical Foundations.- II. Cellular Interactions Between Central Catecholamine Systems and Other Synaptic Systems.- III. Molecular Mechanisms of Central Noradrenergic Synapses: Role of Cyclic AMP.- IV. Cerebellar Synaptic Systems as a Model for Noradrenergic Integrative Actions.- V. Hypotheses of Noradrenergic Cellular Integration: Enabling.- VI. Behavioral Correlates of Central Catecholamine Neurons.- 1. Anatomy of Afferents to Locus Coeruleus.- 2. Firing Patterns in Anesthetized Paralyzed Preparations.- 3. Firing Patterns in Unanesthetized Behaving Animals.- 4. A Behavioral Hypothesis of Locus Coeruleus Firing Correlates.- VII. Neuropsychopharmaeology.- 1. The Locus Coeruleus and Dorsal Noradrenergic Bundle.- a. The "Stress" Connection.- b. Reward and Learning.- c. Anxiety.- 2. Ventral Noradrenergic Bundle.- a. Feeding Behavior.- b. Sexual Behavior.- 3. Summary and Conclusions.- D. Overall Conclusions.- E. References.- 12 Central Control of Anterior Pituitary Function.- A. Introduction.- B. Growth Hormone.- I. Normal Patterns of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion.- II. Hypothalamic Regulation of GH Secretion.- III. Hypothalamic Factors Involved in GH Regulation.- IV. Monoaminergic Control of GH Secretion.- V. Conclusions.- C. Prolactin.- I. Normal Patterns of Prolactin Secretion.- II. Hypothalamic Influence on Prolactin Secretion.- III. Hypothalamic Factors Involved in Prolactin Regulation.- 1. Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Factor (PIF).- 2. Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF).- 3. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH).- 4. Estrogens.- 5. Opioid Peptides.- IV. Monoaminergic Control of Prolactin Secretion.- V. Conclusions.- D. Thyrotropin.- I. Normal Patterns of Thyrotropin (TSH) Secretion.- II. Hypothalamic Regulation of TSH Release.- III. Hypothalamic Factors Involved in TSH Regulation.- 1. TRH.- 2. Somatostatin.- IV. Pituitary-Thyroid Feedback.- V. Monoaminergic Control of TSH Secretion.- VI. Conclusions.- E. Gonadotropins.- I. Normal Patterns of LH and FSH Secretion.- II. Hypothalamic Regulation of LH and FSH Secretion.- III. Hypothalamic Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone.- IV. Monoaminergic Control of LH and FSH Secretion.- V. Conclusions.- F. Adrenocorticotropin.- I. Normal Patterns of Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Secretion.- II. Hypothalamic Regulation of ACTH Secretion.- III. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF).- IV. Monoaminergic Control of ACTH Secretion.- V. Conclusions.- G. References.- 13 Regulation of Catecholamine Development.- A. Introduction.- B. Prenatal Development.- I. The Neural Crest.- 1. Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Neural Crest Derivatives.- 2. Premigratory Neural Crest.- 3. The Migratory Environment.- 4. The Migratory Environment and Phenotypic Expression.- II. Initial Appearance of Catecholaminergic Characteristics.- 1. Cell Cycle and Initial Expression.- 2. Embryonic Environment and Catecholaminergic Expression.- a. The Notochord and Somites.- b. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).- c. Glucocorticoid Hormones.- d. Growth Factors in Culture.- C. Postnatal Development.- I. Anterograde Trans-synaptic Regulation of Ganglionic Neurons.- II. CNS Influence on Anterograde Trans-synaptic Regulation.- III. Retrograde Trans-synaptic Regulation of Ganglia.- IV. Target Organ Regulation of Ganglionic Development.- 1. NGF and Target Organ Regulation.- D. Concluding Observations.- E. References.- 14 ?-Phenylethylamine, Phenylethanolamine, Tyramine and Octopamine.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods.- I. Enzymatic-Radioisotopic Methods.- II. Mass-Spectrographic Methods.- III. Other Methods.- IV. Choice of Method.- C. Distribution.- I. Invertebrates.- 1. Octopaminergic Cells.- II. Vertebrates.- 1. Peripheral Tissues.- 2. Body Fluids.- 3. Brain.- D. Uptake, Storage and Release.- I. Invertebrates.- II. Vertebrates.- 1. Peripheral Tissues.- 2. Brain.- E. Metabolism.- I. Formation.- 1. Decarboxylation and ?-Hydroxylation.- 2. Ring (de) Hydroxylation.- II. Degradation and Biotransformation.- 1. Oxidative Deamination.- 2. ?-Hydroxylation and Ring (de) Hydroxylation.- 3. N-Methylation.- 4. N-Acetylation.- 5. Conjugation.- III. Turnover.- F. Effects of Drugs on Tissue Levels.- I. Metabolic Precursors and Inhibitors of Degradation.- II. Psychotropic and Other Drugs.- G. Pharmacological Actions and Receptors.- I. Invertebrates.- 1. Aplysia Californica Ganglion Cells.- 2. The Firefly Lantern.- 3. Lobster Neurosecretory Neurons.- 4. Locust DUMETI Neurons.- 5. Limulus Visual System.- 6. Other Systems.- 7. Octopamine Receptors.- II. Vertebrates.- 1. Peripheral Effects.- 2. Central Effects.- H. Function in Pathological States.- I. Phenylketonuria.- II. Hepatic Encephalopathy.- III. Hypertension.- IV. Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders.- V. Miscellanea.- I. Conclusions.- K. References.- 15 Plasma Levels of Catecholamines and Dopamines-?-Hydroxylase.- A. Introduction.- B. Measurement of Plasma Catecholamines.- I. Fluorimetric Methods.- II. Radioenzymatic Methods.- 1. PNMT Method.- 2. COMT Method.- III. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electro-Chemical Detection (HPLC-ED).- IV. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS).- V. Other Methods.- C. Plasma Catecholamine Levels.- I. Basal Levels.- II. Determinants of Basal Plasma Catecholamines Levels.- III. Physiological Significance of Plasma Catecholamine Levels.- IV. Plasma Catecholamine Variations in Normal and Stressful Situations.- 1. Time-Dependent Variations in Plasma Catecholamines.- 2. Age, Sex and Race.- 3. Postural Changes.- 4. Muscular Work and Exercise Training.- 5. Hypoglycemia.- 6. Responses to Extremes of Temperature.- 7. Hypoxia, Hypercapnea and Acidosis.- 8. Hypotension, Hypovolemia, Hemorrhage and Shock.- 9. Mental Activity, Emotional Reactions and Stress.- V. Disease States.- 1. Phaeochromocytoma.- 2. Catecholamines in Essential Hypertension.- 3. Orthostatic Hypotension.- 4. Myocardial Infarction.- 5. Congestive Heart Failure.- 6. Diabetes.- 7. Thyroid Disorders.- 8. Central Nervous System Disorders.- 9. Other Disorders.- VI. Effects of Drugs on Plasma Catecholamines.- 1. Drugs Influencing Synthesis, Storage, Release, Disposition or Action of Catecholamines.- a. Inhibition of Catecholamine Synthesis.- b. Interference with Storage or Release.- c. Chemical Sympathectomy.- d. Blockade of Uptake or Metabolism.- e. ?-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Effect.- f. ?-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Effects.- 2. Drugs Which Affect Impulse Flow in Sympathetic Nerves.- a. Drugs Acting at Sympathetic Ganglia.- b. Drugs Acting in the Central Nervous System.- c. Drugs Acting Indirectly.- D. Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase in Plasma.- I. Assay of Plasma DBH.- II. Origin of Plasma DBH and Relationship to Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary Activity.- III. Variations in Plasma Levels of DBH.- 1. Turnover Rate and Volume of Distribution.- 2. Genetic Control of Plasma DBH Levels.- 3. Developmental Factors.- 4. DBH Levels in Disease States.- a. Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary Tumors.- b. Hypertension.- c. Other Disease States.- d. Experimental Alterations in Plasma DBH.- E. Conclusion.- F. References.- 16 Dopaminergic Neurons: Basic Aspects.- A. Introduction.- B. Synthesis, Storage, Release, Uptake and Metabolism.- I. Synthesis.- II. Storage.- III. Release.- IV. Uptake and Metabolism.- C. Regulation of Dopamine Synthesis and Release.- D. Dopamine Receptors.- E. Adaptive Changes.- F. Interaction of Dopamine and Other Neurons.- I. Extrapyramidal System.- 1. Interaction of Dopamine and Acetylcholine Neurons.- 2. Interaction of Dopamine and GABA Neurons.- 3. Interaction of Dopamine and Substance P Neurons.- 4. Interaction of Dopamine and Enkephalin Neurons.- 5. Clinical Implications.- a. Dopamine-Acetylcholine Neuron Relation.- ?. Enhanced Dopaminergic Transmission-Cholinergic Hypoactivity.- ?. Decreased Dopaminergic Transmission-Cholinergic Hyperactivity.- b. Dopamine-GABA Neuron Relation.- II. Limbic System.- 1. Clinical Implications.- G. References.- 17 Catecholamines and Blood Pressure.- A. Introduction.- B. Morphological Aspects of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System Relevant to Blood Pressure.- C. Central and Peripheral Catecholamines in the Control of Blood Pressure in Animals and Man.- D. Animal Models of Hypertension and Their Relevance to Man.- E. Peripheral and Central Catecholamines in Hypertension in Animals and Man.- I. Experimental Hypertension.- 1. Deoxycorticosterone Salt (DOCA Salt) Hypertension.- 2. Renovascular Hypertension.- 3. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR).- 4. Salt-Sensitive Hypertension (Dahl Strain).- 5. Neurogenic Hypertension.- II. Human Hypertension.- 1. Essential Hypertension.- 2. Other Forms of Hypertension.- F. Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists in Blood Pressure Regulation.- I. Drugs Acting on Peripheral ?-Adrenoceptors.- II. Drugs Acting on Central ?-Adrenoceptors.- III. ?-Adrenoceptor Antagonists, Central and Peripheral Actions.- IV. Miscellaneous Drugs Which Illustrate the Role of Catecholamines in Blood Pressure Control.- G. References.- 18 Sympathomimetic Amines, ?-Adrenoceptors and Bronchial Asthma.- A. Introduction.- B. Catecholamines.- I. ?-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- II. Structure Activity Relationship.- III. The Metabolism of ?-Adrenoceptor Agonists.- IV. Clinical Pharmacology.- V. Reports of Death Associated with Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators.- C. Adrenoceptors.- I. The ?-Adrenoceptor.- II. The ?-Adrenoceptor.- III. Consequences of Adrenoceptor Imbalance.- D. References.- 19 Catecholamines Biochemical Genetics.- A. Introduction.- I. Biochemical Genetic Research Strategy.- II. Biochemical Genetic Analytical Techniques.- III. Mechanisms of Gene Effects.- B. Biochemical Genetics of Catecholamine Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.2, TH).- 1. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- a. Adrenal TH.- b. Brain TH.- III. Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28, AADC).- 1. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- 2. Human Biochemical Genetics.- IV. Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase (Dopamine- ? -Monooxygenase, EC 1.14.17.1. DBH).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- a. Adrenal DBH.- b. Serum DBH.- 3. Human Biochemical Genetics.- V. Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase (Noradrenaline-N-Methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.28, PNMT).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- C. Biochemical Genetics of Catecholamine Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6, COMT).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- 3. Human Biochemical Genetics.- III. Monoamine Oxidase (Amine Oxidase [Flavin-containing], EC 1.4.2.4, MAO).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Animal Biochemical Genetics.- 3. Human Biochemical Genetics.- a. Platelet MAO.- b. Fibroblast MAO.- IV. Other Catecholamine Metabolic Enzymes.- D. Conclusion.- E. References.- 20 The Role of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Regulation of Catecholamines Synthesis.- A. Introduction and Enzymology of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- I. Mechanism for Tyrosine Hydroxylation.- II. Similarities of Tyrosine Hydroxylase to Phenylalanine Hydroxylase.- III. Oxygen Requirements of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- IV. Inhibition of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by Substrate and Cofactor End-Products.- V. Kinetics of Tyrosine Hydroxylase for Cofactor.- B. Assay of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- C. Localization of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- D. Short-Term Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- I. The Regulation of Catecholamine Synthesis.- II. Other Possible Allosteric Regulators of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity.- III. Purification and Physical Properties of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- IV. In Vitro Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- V. In Situ Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- VI. Summary of the Short-Term Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- E. Long-Term Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- I. Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Levels by Different Environmental Stimuli.- II. Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA Levels.- F. References.
PRODUCT DETAILS
Publisher: Springer (Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K)
Publication date: December, 2011
Pages: 512
Weight: 874g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Biochemistry, Diseases and Disorders, Neurology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Psychiatry
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