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Psychotropic Agents
Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics, Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs
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Main description:

The description of the pharmacology of psychotomimetics, cannabis, and alcohol in this third volume concludes the discussion on psychotropic agents. As psychomotor stimulants these groups of psychotropic agents are of little or no therapeutic relevance, but since they are used in a nonmedical manner, or are even considered by some groups of the population as social commodities, their behavioral effects and psychopharmacological properties are not the concern of the pharmacol ogist alone. The same is true of psychotomimetics, as well as cannabis and its components. Psychotomimetics have a social history going back many hundreds of years and are among the most potent psychotropic agents known to man. The closing description of psychopharmacology also deals with the psychotropic effects of a number of drugs not primarily considered to be psychotropic. Their psychotropic effects are either an inherent constituent of their therapeutic profile, as is the case with opiates, hypnotics, and caffeine, or they may occur indirectly as side effects or accompanying effects during therapy. This applies to p-adrenoreceptor antagonists and anticholinergics. The editors are also aware that a description of psychotropic agents would not have been complete without discussing the medical, ethical, and legal aspects of the development, clinical testing, and use of such drugs.


Contents:

Psychotomimetics.- 1 Chemistry of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- I. Terminology.- II. Methods of Assay.- III. Classification.- B. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Serotonin.- I. Indoles.- 1. Nitrogen-Substituted Tryptamine Derivatives.- 2. Ring-Substituted Tryptamine Derivatives.- II. Beta-Carbolines.- III. Ergot-Related Drugs.- 1. Synthetic Lysergic Acid Derivatives.- 2. Natural Lysergic Acid Derivatives.- C. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Dopamine.- I. Phenethylamines.- II. Phenylisopropylamines.- D. Psychotomimetics Structurally Related to Acetylcholine: Atropine-Related Drugs.- E. Miscellaneous Psychotomimetics.- I. Ibotenic Acid.- II. Dissociative Anesthetics.- III. Ibogaine.- IV. Kavakava.- V. Marihuana.- References.- 2 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Definition of a Psychotomimetic Drug.- C. Types of Psychotomimetics.- D. Epidemiologic Aspects.- E. The LSD-Mescaline-Psilocybin Group.- I. Chemistry.- II. Pharmacology.- III. Clinical Effects.- IV. Adverse Effects.- F. Harmine Alkaloids and Piperidyl Benzilates.- G. Phencyclidine.- I. History.- II. Chemistry.- III. Pharmacology.- IV. Clinical Effects.- V. Overdoses.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Psychotomimetics: Behavioral Pharmacology.- A. Introduction.- B. The Behavioral Pharmacology of LSD and Related Compounds.- I. Operant (Instrumental) Behavior.- 1. Positive Reinforcement: Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 2. Negative Reinforcement: Escape and Avoidance Behavior.- II. Respondent (Pavlovian) Behavior.- 1. Appetitive Conditioning.- 2. Aversive (Defense) Conditioning.- III. Perceptual Effects.- IV. Tolerance and Related Phenomena.- 1. Tolerance.- 2. Cross-Tolerance.- 3. Dependence.- V. Stimulus Properties of Psychotomimetics.- 1. Discriminative Stimulus Properties.- 2. Reinforcing Properties.- 3. Unconditioned Stimulus Properties.- C. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Biochemical Pharmacology of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Effects in Man.- C. 5-HT and LSD.- I. The First 60 min.- II. Beyond 60 min.- III. LSD-5 HT Summary.- D. Other Psychotomimetics.- E. LSD and Catecholamines.- F. Lisuride and LSD.- G. Tolerance, Blockade, and Enhancement of LSD Effects.- H. Adenylate Cyclase.- I. Stereospecific Binding.- J. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Neurophysiology Properties of Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction.- B. Psychotomimetic Drugs and Related Neurotransmitters.- I. Psychedelics.- 1. LSD and the Simple Indoleamines.- 2. Mescaline and Methoxyamphetamines.- II. Stimulants.- 1. Comparison of Amphetamine Isomers on the Activity of NE and DA Neurons.- 2. Differential Actions of Amphetamine Isomers on Striatal and Non-striatal DA Systems.- III. Deliriants.- 1. Antimuscarinic Drugs and Central Cholinergic Pathways.- 2. Action of Physostigmine in Cholinergic Pathways.- 3. Deliriants as a Model for Human Memory Disorders.- C. General Conclusions.- I. Stimulants.- II. Deliriants.- III. Psychedelic Drugs.- References.- 6 Dependence-Producing Liability of LSD and Similar Psychotomimetics.- A. Introduction: Definition of Drug Dependence.- B. Discovery of and Effects of LSD.- C. Problems in Assessing Dependence-Producing Liability.- D. Social Factors and the Dependence-Producing Liability of LSD.- E. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Cannabis.- 7 Chemistry of Cannabis.- A. Introduction.- B. Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids.- I. Isolation and Structure.- II. Chemical Properties.- III. Syntheses.- C. Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs).- D. Cannabinoid Analysis.- E. Cannabinoid Metabolites.- F. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cannabis.- A. Introduction.- B. Pharmacokinetic Effects.- I. Absorption.- II. Distribution.- III. Elimination.- C. Pharmacodynamic Effects.- I. In Information-Bearing Macromolecules.- II. In Functional Macromolecules.- III. In Functional Systems.- 1. Neurotransmission.- 2. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems.- 3. Food Consumption and Temperature Regulation.- 4. Analgetic and Anticonvulsant Effects.- 5. Motor System, Psychomotor Performance Tasks, and EEG.- D. Aspects of Tolerance.- E. Interactions with Other Drugs.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Alcohol.- 9 General Pharmacology and Toxicology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. General Pharmacology.- I. Absorption.- II. Distribution.- III. Metabolism.- IV. Excretion.- V. Mechanism of Action.- VI. Central Nervous System.- VII. Cardiovascular System.- VIII. Skeletal Muscles.- IX. Gastrointestinal Tract.- X. Miscellaneous.- XI. Tolerance.- C. Interaction of Ethanol and Other Drugs.- I. General Remarks.- II. Interaction of Alcohol with Psychotropic Drugs.- III. Interaction of Alcohol with Nonpsychotropic Drugs.- References.- 10 Behavioral Pharmacology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. Issues in Measurement and Interpretation.- I. Methodological Issues Specific to Alcohol Studies.- 1. Blood Alcohol Level Measurement.- 2. Alcohol Absorption.- 3. Alcohol Distribution.- 4. Alcohol Metabolism.- II. General Problems of Experimental Design.- 1. Baseline Assessments.- 2. Sex and Menstrual Cycle Phase.- 3. Expectancy About Drug Effects.- 4. Motivation to Perform.- 5. Attention to the Task.- 6. Patterns of Alcohol Administration.- III. Route of Alcohol Administration.- IV. Implications of Behavioral Tolerance.- V. Operational Definitions.- C. Clinical Studies of Alcohol Effects.- I. Alcohol and Mood.- II. Alcohol and Aggression.- III. Alcohol and Sexuality.- IV. Alcohol and Tension.- V. Alcohol and Sociability.- VI. Implications for Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol.- D. Behavioral Studies of Alcohol in Animal Models.- I. Animal Models of Alcohol Addiction.- II. Behavioral Studies of Alcohol Reinforcement.- 1. Effects of Alcohol Dose Per Injection on Alcohol Self-Administration Patterns.- 2. Effects of Saline Substitution.- 3. Effects of Alcohol Pretreatment on Alcohol Self-Administration Patterns.- 4. Effects of Duration of Alcohol Access on Alcohol Self-Administration.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Biochemical Pharmacology of Alcohol.- A. Introduction.- B. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ethanol.- C. Peripheral Actions of Ethanol Having Indirect Effects in the Brain.- D. Pharmacologic Effects and Mechanisms of Ethanol Action in the Brain.- I. Effects on Oxidative Metabolism.- II. Effects on Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis.- III. Effects on Neurotransmitters.- 1. Biogenic Amines.- 2. Acetylcholine.- 3. Amino Acids.- IV. Effects on Membranes.- 1. Fluidity.- 2. Lipids.- 3. Sodium- and Potassium-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase.- 4. Calcium.- 5. Cyclic Nucleotides and Membrane Receptors.- V. Aldehyde-Biogenic Amine Cyclization Products.- E. Conclusion.- References.- 12 Dependence-Producing Effects and Alcohol Dependence Syndrome.- A. Introduction.- B. The Concept of Alcoholism.- C. Etiology of Alcoholism.- I. Genetic Hypotheses.- II. Psychological Hypotheses.- 1. Alcohol Effect Hypotheses.- 2. Learning Theory Hypotheses.- 3. Personality Hypotheses.- 4. Other Hypotheses.- III. Sociological Hypotheses.- 1. Universal Hypotheses.- 2. Cultural Hypotheses.- 3. Alienation Hypotheses.- 4. Subcultural Hypotheses.- D. Alcohol Dependence Syndrome.- I. Animal Models for Physical Dependence on Ethanol.- E. Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use.- I. Hepatotoxic Effects.- II. Pancreatotoxic Effects.- III. Brain Damage.- IV. Cardiotoxic Effects.- E. Epidemiology of Alcohol Use and Overuse.- G. Alcohol-Related Criminality.- H. The Treatment of Alcoholism.- I. Current Methods of Treatment.- II. Referral for Treatment.- III. Treatment Facilities.- 1. General Hospitals.- 2. Mental Hospitals.- 3. Detoxification Centers.- 4. Transitional Facilities.- 5. Alcoholics Anonymous.- 6. Pharmacological Methods in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome.- References.- Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs.- 13 Psychotropic Effects of Opioids and Opioid Antagonists.- A. Introduction.- B. Evaluation of Signs, Symptoms, and Subjective Effects in Humans.- I. Introduction.- II. Opioid Analgesics.- 1. Effects of Single Doses in Nondependent Subjects.- 2. Effects in Tolerant Subjects.- 3. Opioid Analgesics of Low Abuse Liability.- 4. Dextrorphan and Dextromethorphan.- 5. Subject Population.- III. Partial Agonists of the Morphine Type.- 1. Profadol and Propiram.- 2. Buprenorphine.- IV. Pentazocine-Like Opioids.- 1. Effects of Acute Doses.- 2. Chronic Administration.- V. Nalorphine- and Cyclazocine-Like Antagonists.- 1. Effects of Acute Doses.- 2. Chronic Administration.- VI. Naloxone and Naltrexone.- VII. Discussion.- 1. Quantitative Evaluation of Subjective Effects.- 2. Evaluation of Morphine-Like Abuse Liability.- 3. Psychotomimetic Effects.- 4. Barbiturate-Like Effects.- 5. Summary.- C. Experimental Analysis of Behavioral Effects in Laboratory Animals.- I. Opioids and Opioid Antagonists as Discriminative Stimuli.- 1. Opioid Agonists.- 2. Pentazocine.- 3. Cyclazocine-Like Antagonists.- II. Effects of Opioids and Opioid Antagonists on Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 1. Effects of Morphine on Schedule-Controlled Behavior.- 2. Tolerance to the Behavioral Effects of Morphine.- 3. Self-Administration of Morphine.- 4. Opioid Antagonists.- 5. Discussion.- D. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 14 Hypnotics.- A. Hypnotics and Sleep Disorders.- B. Commonly Used Hypnotics.- I. Barbiturates.- II. Chloral Hydrate.- III. Benzodiazepines.- IV. Piperidinediones.- 1. Glutethimide.- 2. Methyprylon.- V. Carbamates.- 1. Ethinamate.- 2. Meprobamate.- VI. Methaqualone.- VII. Ethchlorvynol.- VIII. Paraldehyde.- C. Mode of Action of Hypnotics.- I. Excitatory Processes.- 1. Acetylcholine.- 2. NE.- 3. Serotonin.- 4. Glutamate.- II. Inhibitory Processes.- 1. Postsynaptic Inhibition.- 2. Presynaptic Inhibition.- 3. ?-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).- III. Release of Neurotransmitters.- IV. Stereoisomers of Barbiturates.- D. Site of Action.- I. Spinal Cord.- II. Brain Stem and Cerebellum.- III. Reticular-Activating System and EEG.- E. Tolerance and Dependence.- I. Tolerance.- 1. Measurement of Tolerance.- 2. Acute Tolerance.- II. Physical Dependence.- 1. Man.- 2. Cat.- 3. Dog.- 4. Monkey.- 5. Rat.- F. Abuse of Sedative Hypnotics.- I. Prescription.- II. Abuse.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Anticholinergics.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure - Activity Relationships.- I. Stereospeciflcity.- II. Non-Esteratic Anticholinergics.- C. Behavioral and Neurologic Effects.- D. Electrophysiologic Effects.- E. Central Cholinergic Pathways and Systems.- F. Sites of Anticholinergic Action in Brain.- I. Competition Between Behavioral Potency and Receptor Affinity.- G. Conformational Analysis of Glycolate Esters.- H. Theoretical Models of Muscarinic Receptor.- I. Multiple Configurational States of the Muscarinic Receptor from Brain.- II. Use of Affinity-Labeled Sepharose for Purification of Muscarinic Receptor from Brain.- I. Possible Role of Calcium in Anticholinergic Action.- J. Clinical Use of Anticholinergics.- References.- 16 Central Nervous Actions of Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- A. Introduction.- B. Pharmacological Heterogeneity and Access to the Brain of Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- C. Evidence for Beta-Adrenoceptors in the CNS.- I. Biochemical Evidence.- II. Electrophysiological Evidence.- D. Neuropharmacological and Behavioral Effects of Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonists.- I. Central Nervous Effects in Animals.- II. Central Nervous Effects in Man.- E. Therapeutic Effects in Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders.- I. Anxiety.- II. Drug Dependence and Abuse.- III. Tremor.- IV. Migraine.- V. Schizophrenia and Other Behavioral Disorders.- F. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Caffeine.- A. Introduction.- B. Experiments in Humans.- I. Effects on Various Psychological Parameters.- 1. Mood.- 2. Attention, Concentration and Vigilance.- 3. Fatigue and Sleep.- II. Effects on Motor Performance.- 1. Total Work Output.- 2. Tapping.- 3. Hand Steadiness, Motor Skill and Accuracy.- III. Effects on Psychomotor Parameters.- 1. Reaction Time.- 2. Simple Tasks (Cancellations, Calculations, Reading etc.).- 3. Complex Psychomotor Tests (Typewriting, Pursuit Motor Tasks etc.).- 4. Learning, Memory and Other Intellectual Functions.- IV. Habituation, Tolerance and Dependence.- V. Conclusion.- C. Animal Studies.- I. Motor Activity.- II. Response Rates.- III. Learning.- 1. Discrimination.- 2. Avoidance.- IV. Social Behavior.- V. Conclusion.- References.- 18 Research Methodology in Clinical Trials of Psychotropic Drugs.- A. General Principles for the Clinical Investigation of Psychotropic Drugs.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods for the Assessment of Psychiatric Disorders.- III. Factors Influencing the Effect of Psychotropic Substances.- IV. Specificity of Psychotropic Effects.- B. Strategy of Clinical Investigation.- I. Introduction.- II. Phase I.- 1. Pharmacokinetics.- 2. Pharmacodynamics.- III. Phase II.- IV. Phase III.- C. Special Problems.- I. Introduction.- II. Interfering Factors.- III. Criticism of Quantification.- IV. Double-Blind Conditions.- References.- 19 An International Convention on the Control of Psychotropic Substances.- Author Index.


PRODUCT DETAILS

ISBN-13: 9783642677724
Publisher: Springer (Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K)
Publication date: November, 2011
Pages: 540
Weight: 921g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Pharmacology
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