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Main description:
Since the exhaustive Handbook of Physiology (Alimentary Canal, Section 6, Motility) edited by CHARLES F. CODE in 1968, no complete survey of the morphological basis and the physiological control of intestinal motility has been published, in spite of the enormous amount of new data in the literature on this topic. The new techniques and methodologies, the use of electron microscopy, radioimmunoassay and binding techniques, as weIl as ever more sophisticated electrophysiological procedures have made possible areal flood of discoveries in this field. Moreover, the possibility ofnew studies ofthe endocrine cells in biopsies of human intestinal mucosa even during routine endoscopies, has opened new horizons for gastroenterologists and generated a number of important contribu tions to our knowledge of the morphology and physiopathology of the gut. As usual, new discoveries have also revealed both ignorance and many new problems. For tbis reason, although many of the data reported in this volume can be considered as firmly established, others still require confirmation, and the results of new research in this field are awaited with extreme interest. Since advances are occurring so rapidly, even experts in the specific topics need frequent comprehensive reviews. To avoid an excessively large volume, considera tions ofthe pancreas, liver, and biliary system were not included in this Handbook, which, nevertheless, has attempted to off er the reader the essence of more than 1,500 papers.
Contents:
1 Historical Perspective.- 2 Morphological Basis of Gastrointestinal Motility: Structure and Innervation of Gastrointestinal Tract.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure of Smooth Muscle.- I. Arrangement and Ultrastructure of Smoth Muscle Cells.- II. Types of Contact Between Muscle Cells.- III. Muscle Connective Tissue Links.- C. Innervation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle.- I. Extrinsic Innervation.- 1. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Innervation.- II. Intrinsic Innervation.- III. Neurons and Nerve Fibers Involved in Gastrointestinal Motility.- 1. Neuronal Perikarya.- 2. Nerve Fibers Originating from Extrinsic and Intrinsic Neurons.- D. Integration of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Neurons into Reflex Circuits.- E. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Morphological Basis of Gastrointestinal Motility: Ultrastructure and Histochemistry of Endocrine-Paracrine Cells in the Gut.- A. General Cytology and Physiology.- B. Classification and Description of Cell Types.- I. P and D1 Cells.- II. Enterochromaffin (EC) Cells.- III. Somatostatin (D) Cells.- IV. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP or F) Cells.- V. Glucagon (A) Cells.- VI. X Cells.- VII. ECL Cells.- VIII. Gastrin-Storing (G) Cells.- IX. Cholecystokinin (I) Cells.- X. Secretin (S) Cells.- XI. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (K) Cells.- XII. Motilin (Mo) Cells.- XIII. Neurotensin (N) Cells.- XIV. Glucagon-Like Immunoreactive (L) Cells.- XV. Bombesin (BN) Cells.- C. Pathology.- D. Summary.- References.- 4 Ionic Basis of Smooth Muscle Action Potentials.- A. Introduction.- B. Methodologic Problems.- I. Electrophysiologic Analysis.- II. Analysis of Ion Fluxes.- C. Effects of Na Ions.- I. Changes in Electrical Properties.- II. Changes in Ionic Distribution.- 1. Extracellular Na.- 2. Intracellular Na.- D. Effects of Tetrodotoxin.- E. Na-Dependent Activity in Ca-Free Solution.- F. Effects of Ca Ions.- I. Excitable Membranes and Ca.- II. Changes in Electrical Properties.- III. Bound Ca and Action Potentials.- G. Regulation of Intracellular Ca.- I. Ca Distribution.- II. Na-Ca Exchange.- III. Ca Pump.- H. Effects of Intracellular Ca.- I. Effects of Decreasing K Conductance.- K. Effects of Membrane Polarization.- L. Effects of Ca Antagonists.- I. Inorganic Antagonists.- II. Organic Antagonists.- M. General Properties of Spikes and Their Implications.- N. Summary.- References.- 5 Electrophysiology of Intestinal Smooth Muscle.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods Used In Electrical Recording.- I. Intracellular Recording Technique.- II. Extracellular Recording Technique.- 1. Pressure Electrode.- 2. Glass Pore Electrode.- 3. Wick Electrode.- 4. Needle Electrode.- 5. Sucrose Gap.- C. Electrical Activity of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle.- I. Slow Waves.- 1. Origin.- 2. Ionic Dependence.- 3. Frequency.- II. Spikes.- III. Prepotentials.- IV. Oscillatory Potentials.- D. Relationship Between Electrical and Mechanical Activity.- E. Migrating Myoelectric Complex.- F. Electromyography in Clinical Practice.- I. Vagotomy.- II. Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudoobstruction.- III. Diverticular Disease of the Colon.- IV. Irritable Colon Syndrome.- V. Hirschsprung's Disease.- References.- 6 Electrophysiology of the Enteric Neurons.- A. Introduction.- B. Extracellular Recording Techniques.- I. Neuronal Types and Properties.- II. Neuronal Connections.- 1. Connections Within Ganglia.- 2. Connections Within the Plexus.- 3. Connections with Extrinsic Nerves.- C. Intracellular Recording Techniques.- I. Neuronal Types and Properties.- II. Neuronal Connections.- 1. Connections Within Ganglia.- 2. Connections Within the Plexus.- III. Comparison of Results of Intracellular Recording with Results of Extracellular Recording.- 1. Recording from Enteric Neurons in Intact Segments of Gut Wall.- 2. Recording from Enteric Neurons in Separate Layers of Gut Wall Close to Intact Segments of Intestine.- 3. Recording from Enteric Neurons in Isolated Layers of Gut Wall.- D. Actions of Endogenous and Exogenous Substances on Enteric Neurons.- I. Acetylcholine and Related Substances.- II. Noradrenaline and Other Catecholamines.- III. 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Substances.- IV. Substance P.- V. Neurotensin.- VI. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- VII. Morphine.- VIII. Enkephalin.- IX. Somatostatin.- X. Adenosine and Cyclic Nucleotides.- E. Functional Roles of Enteric Neurons in the Control of Gastrointestinal Motility.- References.- 7 In Vivo Techniques for the Study of Gastrointestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. Techniques for the Study of Wall Movements.- I. Direct Inspection.- II. Radiologic Techniques.- III. External Transducers.- C. Techniques for the Study of Intraluminal Pressure.- I. Intraluminal Balloons.- 1. Large Balloons.- 2. Small Balloons.- II. Catheters with Distal Opening.- 1. Infusion Systems.- 2. Physical Characteristics.- III. Miniaturized Intraluminal Transducers.- IV. Radiotelemetering Capsules.- D. Techniqes for the Study of Transit of Contents.- I. External Collection of Contents.- II. Radiologic Techniques.- 1. Barium Transit.- 2. Particulate Radioopaque Markers.- 3. Time-Lapse Cinematography.- III. Intubation Techniques.- 1. Fractional Test Meal.- 2. Serial Test Meal.- 3. Marker Dilution Tests.- IV. Radioisotopic Techniques.- 1. Rectilinear Scintigraphy.- 2. Gamma Camera Scintigraphy.- 3. Radioactive Capsules.- V. Magnetic Techniques.- VI. Breath Test.- E. Use of Combined Techniques.- References.- 8 In Vitro Techniques for the Study of Gastrointestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. General Methodology.- C. Muscle Segments and Strips.- D. Gastric Motility.- E. Intestinal Peristalsis.- I. Ileum.- II. Colon.- F. Effects of Stretch on Muscle Strips.- G. Electrical Stimulation of Autonomic Nerves.- I. Intrinsic Nerves.- II. Extrinsic Nerves.- H. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Nervous Control of Esophageal and Gastric Motility.- A. Nervous Control of the Esophagus.- I. Esophageal Body.- 1. General Survey of Motility Patterns.- 2. Anatomic and Histologic Data on Esophageal Innervation.- 3. Nervous Control of the Striated Muscle Esophagus.- 4. Nervous Control of the Smooth Muscle Esophagus.- II. Sphincters.- 1. Upper Esophageal Sphincter.- 2. Lower Esophageal Sphincter.- B. Nervous Control of the Stomach.- I. General Survey of Motility Patterns and Control Mechanisms.- II. General Survey of Gastric Innervation.- 1. Efferent Innervation.- 2. Sensitive Innervation.- III. Effects of Severing the Extrinsic Nerves.- 1. Vagotomy.- 2. Sympathectomy.- 3. Stomach Totally Deprived of Extrinsic Nerves.- IV. Stimulation of Efferent Extrinsic Fibers.- 1. Vagal Efferent Fibers.- 2. Sympathetic Efferent Fibers.- V. Possible Roles of Intrinsic Innervation.- VI. Possible Roles of Extrinsic Innervation.- 1. Receptive Relaxation and Related Phenomena.- 2. Gastric Motility During Fasting and in the Fed State.- 3. Enterogastric Reflex and Gastric Emptying.- 4. Pain Reflexes.- References.- 10 Nervous Control of Intestinal Motility.- A. Introduction.- B. Neuromuscular Transmission in the Intestine.- I. Arrangement of Muscle and Nerves in the Intestine.- II. The Neuromuscular Junction in the Intestine.- III. Basic Properties of Intestinal Smooth Muscle.- 1. Slow Waves.- 2. Action Potentials.- 3. Interaction Between Muscle Layers.- IV. Transmission from Enteric Neurones to Intestinal Muscle.- 1. Transmission from Cholinergic Nerves.- 2. Transmission from Enteric Inhibitory Neurones.- 3. Transmission from Noncholinergic Excitatory Neurones.- C. Transmission and Pathways in Enteric Ganglia.- D. Initiation of Sensory Inputs in the Intestine.- I. Intrinsic Sensory Neurones.- II. Activation of Extrinsic Sensory Nerves.- E. Electrical Stimulation of Extrinsic Nerves.- I. Vagus Nerve.- II. Splanchnic and Mesenteric Nerves.- 1. Sympathetic Pathways: Noradrenergic Effects.- 2. Non-Noradrenergic Effects of Stimulating Sympathetic Pathways.- III. Pelvic Nerves.- IV. Extrinsic Nerves to the Ileocaecal Sphincter.- V. Extrinsic Nerves to the Internal Anal Sphincter.- F. Conclusions on Neuromuscular and Ganglionic Transmission in the Intestine.- G. Patterns of Motility of the Intestine.- I. Patterns of Motility of the Small Intestine.- 1. Pattern in Fasted Human, Dog, Cat, and Rat: The Migrating Myoelectric Motor Complex.- 2. Effect of Feeding in Human, Dog, Cat, and Rat.- 3. Pattern of Motility in Herbivores.- 4. Conclusion and Summary.- II. Patterns of Motility of the Large Intestine.- 1. Antiperistalsis.- 2. Peristalsis.- 3. Defecation.- 4. Response of the Large Intestine to Feeding.- H. Nervous Control of Intestinal Motility.- I. Role of Nerves.- II. Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Mechanisms of the Migrating Myoelectric Motor Complex.- 1. Mechanisms of Initiation.- 2. Mechanisms of Migration.- III. Mechanisms Involved in the Response of the Small Intestine to Food.- 1. Cephalic Phase.- 2. Gastric Phase.- 3. Intestinal Phase.- IV. Mechanisms Involved in the Response of the Large Intestine to Food.- V. Role of Intrinsic Nerves in Patterns of Motility of the Small Intestine in the Fasted State.- 1. Quiescence of the Small Intestine.- 2. Nonpropagated Contractions.- 3. Propagated Contractions.- J. Role of Intrinsic Nerves in the Pattern of Intestinal Motility in the Freely Fed State.- I. Intrinsic Intestinal (Enteric) Reflexes.- 1. Historical Perspective.- 2. Properties of the Enteric Reflexes.- 3. Enteric Reflexes Intiated by Mechanical Stimuli.- 4. Role of the Enteric Reflexes Initiated by Mechanical Stimuli in Propulsion.- 5. Reflexes Evoked by Chemical Stimuli and Their Role in Propulsion.- 6. Antiperistalsis.- 7. Role of the Enteric Reflexes in Propulsion and Their Relation to the Migrating Neuronal Mechanisms.- K. Extrinsic Intestinal (Intestinointestinal) Reflexes.- I. Inhibitory Intestinointestinal Reflexes.- 1. Inhibitory Sympathetic Reflexes.- 2. Inhibitory Parasympathetic Reflexes.- II. Excitatory Intestinointestinal Reflexes.- 1. Vomiting.- 2. Defecation.- L. General Summary and Conclusions.- I. Enteric Reflexes.- II. Slow Migration of Excitation.- III. Nonpropulsive Movements.- IV. Propulsive Movements.- V. Extrinsic Nerves.- VI. Intestinointestinal Sympathetic Reflexes.- References.- Note Added in Proof.- 11 Identification of Gastrointestinal Neurotransmitters.- A. Criteria for Transmitter Identification and Their Application to the Intestine.- B. Evidence that a Number of Different Neurotransmitters are Released in the Gastrointestinal Tract.- C. Identification of Acetylcholine as an Intestinal Transmitter.- D. Noradrenaline as an Intestinal Transmitter.- E. Evidence For and Against 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- I. Pharmacology and Sites of Action of 5-HT.- II. The Presence of 5-HT Neurones in the Intestine.- III. Release of Endogenous 5-HT, or a Similar Compound, from Intestinal Nerves.- 1. 5-HT and Vagal Inhibitory Pathways.- 2. Pharmacological Evidence for Release of Endogenous 5-HT from Intramural Nerves.- 3. Possible Involvement of Nerves Releasing 5-HT in Peristalsis.- 4. Evidence for 5-HT Release from Nerves Impinging on Intestinal Vasodilator Nerves.- 5. Nerve-Mediated Release of 5-HT from Enterochromaffin Cells.- 6. Collection of Assayable 5-HT in Response to Nerve Stimulation.- IV. Conclusions.- F. Evidence For and Against Dopamine.- G. Evidence that ?-Aminobutyric Acid is a Neurotransmitter in the Intestine.- H. Identification of the Transmitter Released from Enteric Inhibitory Nerves.- I. Identity of Action: ATP.- 1. Comparison of Effects of ATP and of Inhibitory Nerve Stimulation.- 2. Effects of Drugs Which Antagonise Responses to ATP.- II. Release of ATP from Enteric Inhibitory Nerves.- III. Other Evidence Presented for a Transmitter Role for ATP.- IV. Identity of Action: VIP.- 1. Comparison of Effects of VIP and Inhibitory Nerve Stimulation.- 2. Antagonism of Responses to VIP.- V. Release of VIP from Enteric Inhibitory Nerves.- VI. Other Evidence that VIP Could be the Enteric Inhibitory Transmitter.- VII. Conclusions.- J. Peptides as Intestinal Transmitters.- I. The General Problem.- 1. Identification of Neural Peptides.- 2. Roles of Neural Peptides.- 3. Peptide Synthesis.- II. Substance P.- III. Somatostatin.- IV. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- V. Enkephalins.- 1. Presence, Synthesis, and Release of Enkephalins.- 2. Actions of Enkephalins on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- 3. Possible Role of Enkephalin as an Excitatory Transmitter to the Pyloric Sphincter.- VI. Cholecystokinin, COOH-Terminal Fragments of Cholecystokinin and Gastrin.- VII. Bombesin-Like Peptide.- VIII. Neurotensin.- IX. Pancreatic Polypeptide.- X. Angiotensin.- XI. Other Peptides.- K. Summary.- I. Acetylcholine.- II. Noradrenaline.- III. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- IV. Dopamine.- V. ?-Aminobutyric Acid.- VI. Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate.- VII. Substance P.- VIII. Somatostatin.- IX. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide.- X. Enkephalins.- XI. Gastrin.- XII. Cholecystokinin COOH Terminal Peptides.- XIII. Bombesin-Like Peptide.- XIV. Neurotensin.- XV. Pancreatic Polypeptide.- XVI. Angiotensin.- XVII. Conclusions.- Note Added in Proof.- References.
PRODUCT DETAILS
Publisher: Springer (Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K)
Publication date: November, 2011
Pages: 498
Weight: 848g
Availability: Available
Subcategories: Neuroscience, Pharmacology
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