Main description:

This book is aimed to bring the reader into the heart of the action of any health professional consulted for a patient with a neurogenic bladder (NB). Extensive textbooks of the NB exist but there is a lack of an actual practical guide for diagnosis and management of patients suffering from NB. This book provides a single source of information on consultation in neurourology. The text covers both urinary incontinence and retention resulting from NB dysfunction. The book also discusses complications of NB which include urinary tract infections, hydronephrosis, renal failure or autonomic dysreflexia. Sections address these clinical issues faced by physicians. This book provides a useful guide with comprehensive and practical instructions for all practitioners dealing with NB in their day-to-day clinical practice. It will serve as a valuable resource for those with a special interest in NB. The book reviews new data about diagnostic and management options. It also provides a concise yet comprehensive summary of the current NB guidelines from different societies. All chapters include the most up to date scientific and clinical information with the relevant level of clinical evidence and grade of recommendation.

Contents:

Table of Contents

Foreword(s)

Preface

Part I

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

Book Presentation with Overview of Bladder Physiology

Book Presentation

Organization of Summaries and Recommendations

Overview of the Physiology of Lower Urinary Tract

Chapter 2

Neurogenic Bladder Pathophysiology

Introduction

Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity

Neurogenic Detrusor Underactivity

Detrusor-Sphincter Dyssynergia

Neurogenic Sphincter Deficiency

Conclusion

Chapter 3

Pathologies Responsible for the Development of the Neurogenic Bladder

Introduction

Traumatic Entities and their Neuro-Urological Consequences

Head Injury

Spinal Cord Injury<

Spinal shock

Suprasacral injury

Sacral injury

Spinal cord injury and bladder behaviour - general overview

Non-Traumatic Entities and Their Neuro-Urological Consequences

Suprapontine Lesion (Brain)

Cerebrovascular accident

Degeneration (Parkinsonian syndrome, Dementia)

Brain Tumors

Cerebral Palsy

Infrapontine-Suprasacral Lesion (Spinal Cord)

Demyelination (Multiple sclerosis, Transverse myelitis)

Spina Bifida

Sacral-Infrasacral Lesion (Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System)

Intervertebral Disk Prolapse

Peripheral Neuropathies (Diabetes, Iatrogenic causes)

Conclusion

Part II

FIRST CONSULTATION OF PATIENTS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY

Chapter 4

Medical History and Physical Examination

Introduction

Medical History

Physical Examination

Conclusion

Chapter 5

Testing

Introduction

Recommended Tests

Urinalysis/urine Culture

Blood Chemistry

Voiding Diary

Postvoid Residual

Urinary Tract Ultrasound

Elective Tests

Urethrocystoscopy

Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Other

Uroflowmetry

Urodynamic Testing

Video-urodynamics

Specialist Uro-neurophysiological Tests

Conclusion

Chapter 6

Bladder Management and Follow-Up Plan

Introduction

Bladder Management

Follow-up Plan

Conclusion

Part III

CONSULTATIONS FOR MAIN COMPLAINTS IN NEUROGENIC BLADDERS

Chapter 7

Incontinence Due to Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

History and Physical Examination

Bladder Diary and Questionnaires

Urinalysis and Urine Culture

Pad-weighing Test

Renal Evaluation

Other Investigations

Urodynamics

Involuntary detrusor contractions

Decreased bladder compliance

Increased bladder sensation

Decreased cystometric capacity

Treatment

Conservative Treatment

Pharmacological Treatment

Oral administration

Transcutaneous administration

Intravesical administration

Botulinum Toxin A Injections

Neurostimulation/Neuromodulation

Sacral neuromodulation

Tibial nerve stimulation

Transcutaenous electrical nerve stimulation<

Surgery

Bladder augmentation and detrusor myectomy

Urinary diversion

Conclusion

Chapter 8

Retention

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

History and Physical Examination

Bladder Diary and Questionnaires

Urinalysis and Urine Culture

Uroflowmetry

Postvoid Residual

Renal Evaluation

Bladder Ultrasound

Other Investigations

Patients with retention due to neurogenic detrusor underactivity (Detrusor underactivity, Reduced bladder sensation, Increased cystometric capacity)

Patients with retention due to detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia

Treatment

Treatment of Patients with Retention Due to NDU

Intermittent catheterization

Indwelling catheterization

Sacral neuromodulation

Other modalities

Treatment of Patients with Retention Due to DSD

Intermittent catheterization + pharmacotherapy

Botulinum toxin A injections

Sacral neuromodulation

External sphincterotomy

Indwelling catheteriation, urinary diversion

Special Consideration for Patients With Detrusor Hyperactivity and Impaired Contractility

Conclusion

Chapter 9

Incontinence Due to Neurogenic Sphincter Deficiency

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Medical History

Physical Examination

Other Recommended and Elective Tests

Urodynamics

Treatment

Conservative Treatment

Pelvic floor muscle therapy

Surgery

Artificial urinary sphincter

Slings

Bulking agents

Artifical compression devices (balloon insertion)

Invasive surgery

Conclusion

Part IV

CONSULTATIONS FOR COMPLICATIONS OF NEUROGENIC BLADDER

Chapter 10

Urinary Tract Infection

Introduction

Definitions

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Symptoms and Signs

Laboratory Testing

Additional Testing

Treatment

Prevention

Mechanical Strategies for UTI Prevention

Intermittent catheterization

Indwelling catheterization

Medical Strategies for UTI prevention

Conclusion

Chapter 11

Urolithiasis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Stone Composition

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

Treatment

Preoperative Considerations in Neurogenic Patents Suffering from Uroliathisis

Treatment Options

Prevention

Conclusion

Chapter 12

Hydronephrosis

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Medical History and Physical Examination

Laboratory Testing

Imaging

Ultrasound

Computed tomography

Other techniques

Treatment

Drainage

Percutaneous nephrostomy

Ureteral stents

Other

Vesicoureteral Reflux

Conclusion

Chapter 13

Renal Failure

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Chronic Kidney Disease (Chronic Renal Failure)

Definitions and staging

Signs and symptoms

Laboratory data

Imaging studies

Acute Kidney Injury

Definitions and staging<

Signs and symptoms

Laboratory data

Imaging studies

Treatment

Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

Urinary diversion

Renal replacement therapy

Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury

Conclusion

Chapter 14

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Diagnosis

Symptoms and Signs

Consequences

Treatment

Acute Management

Chronic Management (Prevention)

Conclusion

Chapter 15

Other (Bladder Cancer, Sexual Dysfunction)

Bladder cancer

Epidemiology<

Risk Factors

Screening

Diagnosis and Treatment

Sexual Dysfunction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Management of sexual (erectile) dysfunction in the male

Management of sexual dysfunction in the female)

Conclusion

Chapter 16

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Neurogenic Bladder

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Pharmacological Treatment

Surgical Treatment

Other Treatment Options

Conclusion

Part V

PATIENT EDUCATION

Chapter 17

Patient Education

Introduction

Intermittent Catheterization

Behavioural Techniques

Toileting Assistance

Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy

Lifestyle Intervention

Care of Urinary Diversion

Conclusion

Part VI

REPORTS AND GUIDELINES

Chapter 18

Reports and Guidelines on Neurogenic Bladder

General Neurourological Guidelines

Patients after Spinal Cord Injury

Pediatric Patients

Urodynamics

Regional Guidelines