Main description:

When we were first approached by the senior editors of this series to edit a book on interactions between the host and infectious agents, we acceptedthis offer as an exciting challenge. The only condition, readily agreed upon, was that such a book should focus on the immunology of infections in humans. Our reasons, if not biases, were severalfold. We sensed that the fields of microbiology and im munolgy, which had diverged as each was focusing on its individual search, were coming together. In agreement with the opinions expressed by Dr. Richard Krause in the Introduction, we strongly believed that the development of the immune system evolved in response to infectious agents and that the evolution of these agents was influenced in turn by the character of the host's responses. An inten sive examination of the multitude of primitive or more recently developed host defense mechanisms to determine their relative contribution to man's resistance to a given infectious agent appeared to us to be of crucial basic* and practical interest. Many immune mechanisms studied in animals were being explored in humans and it appeared timely to focus particularly on what was known about man's resistance to infectious agents, correlating this information with lessons learned from relevant experiments in animal models.

Contents:

Viruses.- 1 Immunology of Poxviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features of Poxviruses.- 2.1. Biological Properties.- 2.2. Pathogenesis.- 2.3. Persistent Infections.- 2.4. Postinfectious Encephalitis.- 2.5. Relationship to Multiple Sclerosis.- 3. Poxvirus Antigens.- 4. Humoral Immune Responses to Poxvirus Infection.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Neutrahzing Antibodies and Protective Immunity.- 5. Cellular Immune Responses to Poxvirus Infection.- 5.1. General Considerations.- 5.2. T-Cell-Mediated Virus Clearance.- 5.3. T-Cell Migration and Recruitment.- 5.4. Requirements for Virus-Specific Cytolysis by T Cells.- 5.5. Requirements for Induction of Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells.- 5.6. T-Cell Memory.- 6. Vaccination and Passive Immunity.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Immunology of Herpes Simplex Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Virus Proteins and Antigens.- 3. Interactions between HSV and the Immune System.- 3.1. In Vitro Interactions.- 3.2. In Vivo Interactions.- 4. Transformation with HSV.- 5. Immunopathological Disease.- 6. Diagnostic Aspects.- 7. Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy.- 7.1. Vaccines.- 7.2. Other Agents.- 8. Envoi.- References.- 3 Immunology of Varicella-Zoster Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Relative Clinical Importance.- 1.2. History.- 1.3. Evolutionary Aspects.- 2. Viral Properties.- 2.1. Pathogenesis of Disease.- 2.2. Immune Responses vs. Viral Antigen.- 3. Host Factors: Clinical Observations.- 3.1. Normal Host.- 3.2. The Compromised Host.- 3.3. Virus-Host Relationship.- 4. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 4.1. In Vivo.- 4.2. In Vitro.- 5. Humoral Immunity.- 5.1. Serum Antibody.- 5.2. Laboratory Methods.- 5.3. Secretory Antibody.- 6. Ontogeny of the Immune Response.- 7. Treatment.- 7.1. Prevention.- 7.2. Antiviral Chemotherapy.- 7.3. Immunotherapy.- References.- 4 Immunology of Cytomegalovirus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Microbial Aspects.- 2.1. Virus Characteristics.- 2.2. Strain Variation.- 3. Host Factors.- 3.1. Genetics.- 3.2. Geography.- 4. Microbial-Host Interactions.- 4.1. Acquired Infection.- 4.2. Congenital and Neonatal Infection.- 4.3. Special Hosts.- 5. Immunodiagnosis.- 6. Immunoprevention.- 7. Immunotherapy.- Addendum.- References.- 5 Immunology of Epstein-Barr Virus.- 1. Virological Aspects.- 2. EBV-Host Interactions.- 2.1. EBV-Associated Antigen-Antibody Systems.- 2.2. EBV-Associated Immune Reactions in the General Population.- 2.3. EBV-Associated Immune Reactions in Infectious Mononucleosis.- 2.4. EBV-Associated Immune Reactions in Burkitt's Lymphoma.- 2.5. EBV-Associated Immune Reactions in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 2.6. EBV-Associated Immune Reactions in Other Diseases.- 2.7. Hypothetical Modes of EBV-Host Interactions.- 3. Immunodiagnosis, Immunoprevention, and Immunotherapy.- References.- 6 Immunology of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. Measles.- 2.1. Epidemiology.- 2.2. Virological Aspects.- 2.3. Host-Virus Interaction.- 2.4. Diagnosis.- 2.5. Immunoprevention and Immunotherapy.- 3. Mumps.- 3.1. Epidemiology.- 3.2. Virological Aspects.- 3.3. Aspects of the Host-Virus Interaction.- 3.4. Diagnosis.- 3.5. Immunoprevention and Therapy.- 4. Rubella.- 4.1. Epidemiology.- 4.2. Virological Aspects.- 4.3. Host-Viral Interaction.- 4.4. Immunodiagnosis.- 4.5. Immunoprevention and Therapy.- References.- 7 Immunology of Respiratory Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Host-Parasite Interaction.- 2.1. Primary Defense Mechanisms.- 2.2. Infection by Aerosols.- 2.3. Immune Apparatus of the Respiratory Tract.- 2.4. Immunophysiological Changes following Respiratory Viral Infection.- 2.5. Local Nature of Antibody Production.- 2.6. Specificity.- 2.7. Cellular Immunity and Respiratory Infection.- 3. Immune Response to Specific Respiratory Viruses.- 3.1. Adenoviruses.- 3.2. Rhino viruses.- 3.3. Respiratory Syncytial Virus.- 3.4. Parainfluenza and Influenza Viruses.- 3.5. Coronaviruses.- 4. Immunodiagnosis.- 5. Immunoprevention: Vaccination.- 5.1. Direct Application.- 6. Immunopotentiation.- References.- 8 Immunology of Enteroviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Classification of Enteroviruses.- 1.2. Epidemiology.- 1.3. Spectrum of Clinical Disease.- 2. Polioviruses.- 2.1. Antigenic Characteristics of the Virus.- 2.2. Pathogenesis of Infection.- 2.3. Chnical Manifestations.- 2.4. Immunoprophylaxis and Control.- 2.5. Immune Response.- 3. Coxsackieviruses.- 3.1. Properties of the Virus.- 3.2. Pathogenesis of Infection.- 3.3. Clinical Manifestations.- 3.4. Prevention and Control.- 3.5. Immune Response.- 4. Echoviruses.- 4.1. Properties of the Virus.- 4.2. Pathogenesis of Infection.- 4.3. Clinical Manifestations.- 4.4. Prevention and Control.- 4.5. Immune Response.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 9 Immunology of Hepatitis Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hepatitis B.- 2.1. Morphology of Hepatitis B Antigens.- 2.2. Antigenic Complexity of Hepatitis B.- 2.3. Immunogenetic factors in Hepatitis B.- 3. Serological Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Infection.- 3.1. Tests for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Surface Antibody.- 3.2. Tests for Hepatitis B Core Antigen and Antibody.- 3.3. Tests for e Antigen and e Antibody.- 4. Immune Response in Hepatitis B.- 4.1. Humoral Response.- 4.2. Cellular Immune Responses.- 4.3. Carrier State of Hepatitis B.- 5. Hepatitis A.- 5.1. Immune Electron Microscopy.- 5.2. Nonhuman Primates and the Development of Serological Techniques for Hepatitis A.- 6. Immunization against Viral hepatitis.- 6.1. Passive Immunization.- 6.2. Active Immunization.- 6.3. Safety Criteria for Hepatitis B Vaccines in Relation to Other Human Hepatitis Viruses.- References.- 10 Immunology of Human Papovaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biology of HPV.- 3. Biology of Small Papovaviruses.- 4. Relationship to Human Cancer.- 5. Immunology of HPV Infection.- 5.1. Antibody to HPV.- 5.2. Cell-Mediated Immunity to HPV.- 5.3. Nonstructural Antigens of HPV.- 6. Immunology of Small Papoviruses.- 7. Immunotherapy.- References.- 11 Immunology of Rabies, Arbovirus Encephalitis, Parainfectious Encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome.- 1. Rabies.- 1.1. History.- 1.2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Disease.- 1.3. Diagnosis.- 1.4. Immunological Defense Mechanisms.- 1.5. Prophylaxis and Treatment.- 1.6. Epidemiology and Immunization of Animals.- 1.7. Rabies Serogroup Infections.- 2. Arbovirus Encephalitis.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Measurement of Immune Response.- 2.3. Pathogenesis in Experimental Animals.- 2.4. Human Disease.- 2.5. Immunization.- 3. Acute Disseminated (Parainfectious) Encephalomyelitis.- 3.1. Clinical, Epidemiological, and Pathological Features.- 3.2. Speculations on Pathogenesis.- 4. Guillain-Barre Syndrome.- 4.1. Epidemiological Observations.- 4.2. Immunological Features.- 4.3. Etiological Speculations.- References.- 12Immunology of Oncornaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evolutionary Aspects.- 2.1. Putative Human Oncornaviruses.- 3. Virion- and Virus-Associated Antigens.- 3.1. Virion Antigens of Type C Viruses.- 3.2. Virion Antigens of Type B Viruses.- 3.3. Virion Antigens of Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus.- 3.4. Cell Surface Antigens Associated with Type C Viruses.- 3.5. Cell Surface Antigens Associated with MTV.- 4. Host Factors Affecting Expression and Susceptibility to Oncornaviruses.- 4.1. Genetics of Oncornavirus Expression.- 4.2. Genetics of Resistance to Oncornavirus Infection.- 5. Microbial-Host Interactions.- 5.1. Factors Influencing Expression of Endogenous Oncornaviruses.- 5.2. Exogenous Transmission of Oncornaviruses.- 5.3. Diseases Associated with Oncornaviruses.- 5.4. Immunological Factors Affecting Oncornavirus Infection or Expression.- 6. Immune Responses to the Oncornaviruses.- 6.1. In Vivo Immunity to Tumor-Associated Transplantation Antigens.- 6.2. Humoral Antibody Responses.- 6.3. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses.- 7. Immunological Evidence for Human Oncornaviruses.- 7.1. Oncornavirus-Associated Antigens in Human Tissues.- 7.2. Immune Responses to Oncornavirus-Associated Antigens.- References.- Parasites.- 13 Immunology of Parasites: General Aspects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mechanisms of Parasite Survival.- 2.1. Shared Antigens.- 2.2. Antigenic Variation.- 2.3. Membrane Turnover.- 2.4. "Trickle" Infection.- 2.5. Circulating Soluble Antigen.- 3. Mechanisms of Immunity in Parasitic Infections.- 3.1. Ablastin.- 3.2. IgE Antibody.- 3.3. Eosinophilia.- 3.4. Immunological Enhancement.- 3.5. Immunosuppression.- 4. Immunopathology.- 5. Immunodiagnosis.- 6. Vaccines.- References.- 14 Immunology of Toxoplasma gondii.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Organism.- 2.1. Trophozoite.- 2.2. Cyst.- 2.3. Oocyst.- 2.4. Antigens.- 3. Transmission.- 4. The Infection.- 4.1. General Considerations.- 4.2. Special Considerations.- 5. Immune Response to Infection.- 5.1. Humoral Response.- 5.2. Cell-Mediated Response.- 5.3. Role of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Pathogenesis.- 5.4. The Role of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Resistance.- 6. Serological Diagnosis.- 6.1. Serological Tests.- 6.2. General Considerations.- 6.3. Acquired Infection.- 6.4. Congenital Infection.- 7. Vaccination.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 15 Immunology of Pneumocystis carinii.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Host.- 2.1. Lower Animals.- 2.2. Humans.- 3. Microbial Aspects.- 3.1. Cyst.- 3.2. Sporozoite.- 3.3. Trophozoite.- 4. Microbial-Host Interactions.- 4.1. InVitro Studies.- 4.2. InVivo Studies.- 4.3. Subclinical Infection in the Normal and Compromised Hosts.- 4.4. Role of Immunosuppressive Drugs.- 4.5. Role of Protein Calorie Malnutrition.- 4.6. Role of Immune Deficiency Diseases.- 4.7. Role of Protective Immunity.- 4.8. Role of Organ Transplantation.- 5. Immunodiagnosis.- 5.1. Fluorescein-Labeled Antibody Methods.- 5.2. Complement-Fixation methods.- 5.3. Latex Agglutination Test.- 5.4. Antigenemia.- 6. Immunotherapy.- References.- 16 Immunology of Malaria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Life Cycle.- 2.1. Outline.- 2.2. Persistence of the Infection.- 2.3. Pathogenesis.- 3. Innate Resistance.- 4. Protective Acquired Immunity.- 4.1. Antigens of Malaria Parasites.- 4.2. Humoral Immune Responses.- 4.3. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses.- 5. Immunological Adaptation of the Parasite to Survival in the Immune Host.- 5.1. Antigenic Variation.- 5.2. Soluble Antigens.- 5.3. Immunodepression.- 6. Immunodiagnosis.- 7. Immunopathology.- 7.1. Renal Lesions.- 7.2. Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome (TSS).- 7.3. Anemia and Autoimmunity.- 7.4. Cerebral Malaria.- 7.5. Malaria and Pregnancy.- 8. Immunotherapy and Immunoprophylaxis.- 8.1. Sporozoite Immunization.- 8.2. Immunization against Asexual Blood Stages.- 8.3. Nonspecific Immunization.- 8.4. Future Prospects for Immunological Control.- References.- 17 Immunology of Amebas, Giardia, and Trichomonads.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Amebiasis.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Amebiasis.- 2.3. The Concept of Virulence.- 2.4. Virulence Markers.- 2.5. Host Factors.- 2.6. Host Immune Responses.- 2.7. Serodiagnosis.- 2.8. Immunotherapy and Immunoprophylaxis.- 3. Giardia.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Pathological Effects of Infection.- 3.3. Malabsorption.- 3.4. Other Pathological Effects of G. lamblia.- 3.5. Populations Especially at Risk of Infection.- 3.6. Host Response.- 3.7. Conclusion.- 4. Trichomonads.- 4.1. The Parasite.- 4.2. Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy.- 5. Other Trichomonadida.- 5.1. Trichomonastenax.- 5.2. Pentatrichomonashominis.- 5.3. Dientamoebafragilis.- References.- 18 Immunology of Schistosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Host Immunological Responses.- 3. Host-Parasite Relation.- 4. Control of Schistosomiasis.- References.- 19 Immunology of Trypanosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. African Sleeping Sickness.- 2.1. The Parasite.- 2.2. Antigenic Variation by the Parasite.- 2.3. Innate Resistance to Infection.- 2.4. Acquired Immunity.- 2.5. Immunodepression.- 2.6. Immunopathology.- 2.7. Immunodiagnosis.- 2.8. Immunoprophylaxis.- 2.9. Conclusions.- 3. Chagas' Disease.- 3.1. The Parasite and Its Distribution.- 3.2. Antigenic Characterization of the Parasite.- 3.3. Host Response to the Parasite.- 3.4. Immunopathology.- 3.5. Immunodiagnosis.- 3.6. Immunoprophylaxis.- 3.7. Conclusions.- References.- 20 Immunology of Helminths.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trematodes (Other Than Schistosomes).- 2.1. Clonorchiasis.- 2.2. Paragonimiasis.- 2.3. Fascioliasis.- 3. Cestodes.- 3.1. Intestinal-Lumen-Dwelhng Stages of Tapeworms.- 3.2. Tissue-Dwelling Stages of Tapeworms.- 4. Nematodes.- 4.1. Filariasis.- 4.2. Onchocerciasis.- 4.3. Other Filarids.- 4.4. Angiostrongylosis.- 4.5. Ascarid Infections.- 4.6. Hookworm Infection.- 4.7. Trichinosis.- 4.8. Other Intestinal Nematodes.- References.- Immunodiagnosis.- 21 Immunodiagnosis: Antibodies in Body Fluids.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Antibody Response.- 1.2. Structure of Antibodies.- 1.3. Genetic Control of Antibody Formation.- 2. Detection of Antibodies in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 2.1. History.- 2.2. Antibody Detection in Blood.- 2.3. Antibody Detection in CSF.- 3. Antibodies in Mucosal Secretions.- 3.1. Effects of Systemic or Mucosal Infection: Dependence on the Route of Infection.- 3.2. Problems Associated with Diagnosis of a Mucosal Infection by Measurement of Specific Serum IgA Antibody.- 3.3. Mucosal Secretions as Future Diagnostic Fluids: Some Thoughts on Specificity.- 3.4. Diagnostic Tests for Determination of IgA Deficiency.- References.- 22 Immunodiagnosis: Detection of Antigens in Body Fluids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Considerations.- 3. The Precipitin Test.- 4. Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis.- 4.1. Methodology.- 4.2. Problems.- 4.3. Clinical Applications.- 4.4. Antigenemia and Prognosis.- 4.5. Possible Future Applications of CIE.- 5. Agglutination Reactions.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Slide Agglutination.- 5.3. Latex Agglutination.- 5.4. Hemagglutination.- 6. Radioimmunoassay.- 6.1. Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay (RIA).- 6.2. Radiolabeled Antigen-Binding Inhibition.- 7. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA).- 8. The Limulus Lysate Test for Endotoxin.- 8.1. Methodology.- 8.2. Problems.- 8.3. Interpretation of the Limulus Test.- 8.4. Clinical Applications.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Immunoprevention.- 23 Immunoprevention of Infectious Diseases.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Active Immunization.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Influence of Disease Pathogenesis.- 2.3. Immunological Diversity.- 2.4. Cross-Reactive Antigens.- 2.5. Immunogenicity.- 3. Passive Immunization.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 4. Products.- 4.1. Active Immunization.- 4.2. Passive Immunization.- 5. Use of Immunopreventive Measures.- 6. Future Promise.- References.