Main description:

Experimental Myopathies and Muscular Dystrophy. A Study of the Formal Pathogenesis of Primary Myopathies as Exemplified in the Myopathy of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid The histochemical types of muscle fibres are described and a report presented of the histological and histochemical altera- tions in skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles) of rats given intraperitoneal injections of the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-0). The liver and myocardium of the experimental animals were also examined. In skeletal muscle, alterations occurring acutely within 1 to 1. 5 h after injection of a single dose of 300 mg/kg 2,4-0 could be distinguished from changes which developed subacutely in the course of treatment with repeated injections of one quarter to one half of the LDSO of the substance. In both con- ditions white (type 2B/Am) muscle fibres were involved pre- dilectively. The principal histochemical effect of acute intoxi- cation observed was leakage of phosphorylase and glycogen from white muscle fibres, whereas some of the red fibres (type 2A/C ) m showed an increase in primary glycogen and phosphorylase activ- ity.
These changes, which must be considered nonspecifi~, were established by use of a gelatin incubation technique. They occurred as typical findings in the middle and deep areas of the anterior tibial muscle. In other muscles or different layers of the same muscle, these changes varied considerably in degree. Thus the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles displayed only minor or no alterations.

Contents:

Experimental Myopathies.- A. Pharmacotoxic Myopathies.- I. Myopathy of Corticosteroids.- II. Myopathy of Chloroquine.- III. Myotonia-Myopathy Syndrome of 20,25-Diazacholesterol.- IV. Myopathy of Vincristine.- B. The Myopathy of Vitamin-E Deficiency.- C. Hereditary Myopathies in Animals.- I. Muscular Dystrophy of the Chicken.- II. Muscular Dystrophy of the Mouse.- III. Muscular Dystrophy of the Hamster.- IV. Cardio-Myopathy of the Syrian Hamster.- The Myopathy of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in the Rat.- Material, Methods and Remarks.- A. Treatment of Animals.- I. In-Vitro Experiments (vt).- II. In-Vivo Experiments with Acute Intoxication (avi).- III. In-Vivo Experiments with Subacute Intoxication (svi).- B. Preparation of Samples.- C. Staining Procedures and Histochemical Reactions.- I. Histochemical Demonstration of Phosphorylase and Glycogen Synthetase. Suggestions and Remarks.- II. NAD- and NADP-Dependent Dehydrogenases Remarks and Methods.- Fibre Types of Normal Skeletal Muscle.- Results.- A. Effects of 2,4-D in vitro on the Histochemical Reaction for Phosphorylase in Skeletal Muscle (vt). Results and Discussion.- B. Effects of Acute Intoxication in vivo on the Glycogen Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle (avi). Histochemical Findings and Discussion.- C. Histological and Histochemical Findings in the Myopathy of Subacute Intoxication with 2,4-D (svi).- I. Skeletal Muscle (Triceps Surae).- 1. Changes in the Developing Disease.- a) Early Stage.- b) Full Stage.- 2. Changes during Recovery.- II. Myocardium of the Ventricles.- III. Liver.- Discussion and Conclusions.- A. Muscle.- I. Early Stage of the Subacute Myopathy of 2,4-D.- II. Full Stage of the Subacute Myopathy of 2,4-D.- III. Recovery Stage.- B. Myocardium.- C. Liver.- Relationship between the Myopathy of 2,4-D and Other Experimental Myopathies. Formal Pathogenetic Relationship to Muscular Dystrophy in Man.- Summary.- Zusammenfassung.- References.