Main description:

This book is an introduction to the emerging field of nanomedicine and its applications to health care. It describes the many multidisciplinary challenges facing nanomedicine and discusses the required collaboration between chemists, physicists, engineers and clinicians. The book introduces the reader to nanomedicine's vast potential to improve and extend human life through the application of nanomaterials in diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Contents:

PREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Nanomedicine: A Global Vision 1 1.2. The Nanotechnology Revolution: Realization of Asimov's Fiction 3 1.3. Nanomedicine: A New Era in Personalized Medicine 7 1.4. Nanomedicine: A Promise or Reality? 9 1.5. A New Frontier: Multidisciplinary Challenges and Opportunities 10 1.6. Scope of the Book: Multidisciplinary Education, Training, and Research 12 2 THE HUMAN BODY 15 2.1. Introductory Concepts 16 2.2. Cellular Structure 18 2.3. Various Types of Cells 23 2.4. Biochemical Makeup of Cells 25 2.5. Other Important Cellular Components 29 2.6. Cellular Processes 30 2.7. Organization of Cells into Tissues 37 2.8. Types of Tissues and Their Functions 39 2.9. Various Organs and Organ Systems in the Body 40 2.10. Tumors and Cancers 45 3 NANOCARRIERS 51 3.1. Nanocarriers: Delivering Payloads to Needed Sites 52 3.2. The Various Nanoformulations for Nanomedicine 53 3.3. Viruses as Nanocarriers 55 3.4. Polymeric Nanocarriers 56 3.5. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 58 3.6. Dendrimers 59 3.7. Carbon Nanostructures 61 3.8. Inorganic Nanoparticles 63 3.9. PEBBLE 65 3.10. Nanoclinics 66 3.11. Nanoplexes 68 3.12. New-Generation Nanocarriers 69 4 NANOCHEMISTRY OF NANOCARRIERS 77 4.1. Nanochemistry and Nanomedicine 78 4.2. Top-Down Approaches 78 4.3. Bottom-Up Approaches 83 4.4. Combination of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches 92 4.5. Nanoparticle Surface Modification 93 4.6. Functionalization and Bioconjugation 95 5 MULTIFUNCTIONALITIES FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY 103 5.1. The Various Functionalities 104 5.2. Optical Functionalities 105 5.3. Optical Nanoprobes 110 5.4. Magnetic Functionality 116 5.5. Thermal Functionality 120 5.6. Radioactive Functionality 121 5.7. Biological Functionality 124 5.8. Multifunctionality 125 6 CROSSING THE BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS 135 6.1. Various Delivery Pathways 135 6.2. Various Biological Barriers 137 6.3. Stealth Nanoparticles 140 6.4. The Various In Vitro Barrier Models 141 7 BIOTARGETING 149 7.1. Biotargeting: Why We Need It 149 7.2. Targeted Biological Sites 150 7.3. Intracellular Uptake 151 7.4. Targeting Strategies 153 7.5. Targeting Groups 155 8 MULTIMODAL BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 163 8.1. Biomedical Imaging Techniques 164 8.2. Optical Bioimaging 170 8.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 185 8.4. X-Ray CT Imaging 188 8.5. Radio Imaging 190 8.6. Ultrasound Imaging 190 8.7. Photoacoustic Imaging 191 8.8. Multimodal Imaging 192 9 BIOSENSING 207 9.1. Principles of Biosensing 208 9.2. Optical Biosensors 211 9.3. Magnetic Biosensors 228 9.4. Electrical Biosensing 234 9.5. Electrochemical Biosensing 236 9.6. Electrochemiluminescence Biosensing 238 9.7. In Vivo Bioelectronic Sensors 239 10 HIGH-THROUGHPUT MULTIPLEXED DIAGNOSTICS 253 10.1. Comprehensive Diagnostic Strategy 254 10.2. Flow Cytometry 255 10.3. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) 264 10.4. Microarrays Technology 269 10.5. Suspension Bead Assay 277 11 NANOPHARMACOTHERAPY 291 11.1. Nanopharmacotherapy: An Overview 292 11.2. Modes of Nanoformulation for Nanopharmacotherapy 294 11.3. Pharmacokinetics 296 11.4. Biodistribution 297 11.5. Pharmacodynamics 298 11.6. Controlled Release by External Activation 299 12 THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND THERANOSTICS 305 12.1. Blood Fluidics and Cardiovascular System 306 12.2. Circulatory-System-Based Disease Profiling 309 12.3. Methods to Monitor Blood Flow 312 12.4. Therapeutic Approaches Utilizing Manipulation of Blood Flow 318 12.5. Lymph Node Mapping 320 12.6. Lymphatic Drug Delivery 322 13 NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR CANCER 331 13.1. Benefits of Cancer Nanotechnology 332 13.2. Chemotherapy 335 13.3. Cancer Gene Therapy 339 13.4. Photodynamic Therapy 340 13.5. Magnetic Therapy 349 13.6. Photothermal Therapy 353 13.7. Neutron Capture Therapy 357 13.8. Circulating Tumor Cells 359 13.9. NCI Alliance for Cancer Nanotechnology 360 14 GENE THERAPY 371 14.1. The Principles, Steps, and Impact of Gene Therapy 372 14.2. Methods of Gene Delivery 374 14.3. Gene Augmentation Therapy 381 14.4. Gene Silencing Therapy 381 14.5. Indirect Gene Therapy Modulating Innate Immune Response 384 14.6. Transmucosal Gene Delivery 385 15 NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES 393 15.1. Pathogen Infections and Nanoparticle-Based Approaches 394 15.2. HIV 401 15.3. Influenza 408 15.4. Tuberculosis 410 15.5. Malaria 416 16 REJUVENATION THERAPY 433 16.1. Rejuvenation Therapy: Fantasy or Reality? 433 16.2. Free Radical Scavenging 436 16.3. Chelation Therapy 439 16.4. Hormone Therapy 441 17 STEM CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY 447 17.1. Stem Cell Biotechnology: Overview 448 17.2. Cell Reprogramming 449 17.3. Gene Transfection 452 17.4. Somatic Cell Transdifferentiation 453 17.5. Stem Cell Sorting 454 17.6. Stem Cell Tracking 454 18 TISSUE ENGINEERING 461 18.1. Tissue Engineering: Overview 462 18.2. Tissue Regeneration 464 18.3. Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering 467 18.4. Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering 472 18.5. Nanoparticle Delivery of Biomolecules 473 18.6. Magnetically Assisted Tissue Engineering 474 18.7. Tissue/Organ Printing 475 18.8. Tissue Bonding 477 19 NANODERMATOLOGY AND NANOCOSMETICS 487 19.1. Delivery Through Skin 487 19.2. Skin Care and Nanotechnology 488 19.3. Various Nanoparticles for Dermatology and Cosmetics 491 19.4. Nanodermatology 492 19.5. Nanocosmetics 494 19.6. Nanotoxicology of the Skin 497 20 NANODENTISTRY 503 20.1. Nanotechnology for Dental Care 504 20.2. Nanoparticles for Preventive Dentistry 507 20.3. Nanomaterials for Restorative Dentistry 509 20.4. Regenerative Dentistry 516 20.5. Nanoparticle-Enhanced Dental Imaging and Oral Diagnostics 519 20.6. Nanorobotics for Dentistry 522 21 NANOTOXICITY 529 21.1. Toxicity of Nanoparticles 529 21.2. Cytotoxicity 533 21.3. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays 535 21.4. In Vivo Toxicity 539 21.5. In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation 542 21.6. Nanotoxicity Studies on Selected Nanoparticles 542 Highlights of the Chapter 547 Exercises 550 References 551 INDEX 555