Main description:

The principle of tomography is to explore the structure and composition of objects non-destructively along spatial and temporal dimensions, using penetrating radiation, such as X- and gamma-rays, or waves, such as electromagnetic and acoustic waves. Based on computer-assisted image reconstruction, tomography provides maps of parameters that characterize the emission of the employed radiation or waves, or their interaction with the examined objects, for one or several cross-sections. Thus, it gives access to the inner structure of inert objects and living organisms in their full complexity. In this book, multidisciplinary specialists explain the foundations and principles of tomographic imaging and describe a broad range of applications. The content is organized in five parts, which are dedicated to image reconstruction, microtomography, industrial tomography, morphological medical tomography and functional medical tomography.

Contents:

Preface xvii Notation xxi Chapter 1. Introduction to Tomography 1 Pierre GRANGEAT 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Observing contrasts 2 1.3. Localization in space and time 7 1.4. Image reconstruction 9 1.5. Application domains 12 1.6. Bibliography 17 PART 1. IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION 21 Chapter 2. Analytical Methods 23 Michel DEFRISE and Pierre GRANGEAT 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. 2D Radon transform in parallel-beam geometry 25 2.3. 2D Radon transform in fan-beam geometry 32 2.4. 3D X-ray transform in parallel-beam geometry 37 2.5. 3D Radon transform 40 2.6. 3D positron emission tomography 42 2.7. X-ray tomography in cone-beam geometry 46 2.8. Dynamic tomography 54 2.9. Bibliography . 58 Chapter 3. Sampling Conditions in Tomography 63 Laurent DESBAT and Catherine MENNESSIER 3.1. Sampling of functions in R6 3 3.2. Sampling of the 2D Radon transform 71 3.3. Sampling in 3D tomography 79 3.4. Bibliography 85 Chapter 4. Discrete Methods 89 Habib BENALI and Francoise PEYRIN 4.1. Introduction 89 4.2. Discrete models 90 4.3. Algebraic methods 92 4.4. Statistical methods 99 4.5. Example of tomographic reconstruction 110 4.6. Discussion and conclusion 110 4.7. Bibliography 112 PART 2. MICROTOMOGRAPHY 117 Chapter 5. Tomographic Microscopy 119 Yves USSON and Catherine SOUCHIER 5.1. Introduction 119 5.2. Projection tomography in electron microscopy 120 5.3. Tomography by optical sectioning 121 5.4. 3D data processing, reconstruction and analysis 129 5.5. Bibliography 138 Chapter 6. Optical Tomography 141 Christian DEPEURSINGE 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Interaction of light with matter 142 6.3. Propagation of photons in diffuse media 150 6.4. Optical tomography methods 164 6.5. Optical tomography in highly diffuse media 181 6.6. Bibliography 190 Chapter 7. Synchrotron Tomography 197 Anne-Marie CHARVET and Francoise PEYRIN 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Synchrotron radiation 197 7.3. Quantitative tomography 202 7.4. Microtomography using synchrotron radiation 206 7.5. Extensions 210 7.6. Conclusion 211 7.7. Bibliography 212 PART 3. INDUSTRIAL TOMOGRAPHY 215 Chapter 8. X-ray Tomography in Industrial Non-destructive Testing 217 Gilles PEIX, Philippe DUVAUCHELLE and Jean-Michel LETANG 8.1. Introduction 217 8.2. Physics of the measurement 218 8.3. Sources of radiation 219 8.4. Detection 220 8.5. Reconstruction algorithms and artifacts 223 8.6. Applications 224 8.7. Conclusion 235 8.8. Bibliography 236 Chapter 9. Industrial Applications of Emission Tomography for Flow Visualization 239 Samuel LEGOUPIL and Ghislain PASCAL 9.1. Industrial applications of emission tomography 239 9.2. Examples of applications 242 9.3. Physical model of data acquisition 247 9.4. Definition and characterization of a system 252 9.5. Conclusion 255 9.6. Bibliography 255 PART 4.MORPHOLOGICAL MEDICAL TOMOGRAPHY 257 Chapter 10. Computed Tomography 259 Jean-Louis AMANS and Gilbert FERRETTI 10.1. Introduction 259 10.2. Physics of helical tomography 265 10.3. Applications of volume CT 272 10.4. Conclusion 279 10.5. Bibliography 280 Chapter 11. Interventional X-ray Volume Tomography 287 Michael GRASS, RegisGUILLEMAUD and Volker RASCHE 11.1. Introduction 287 11.2. Example of 3D angiography 290 11.3. Clinical examples 297 11.4. Conclusion 302 11.5. Bibliography 303 Chapter 12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 307 Andre BRIGUET and Didier REVEL 12.1. Introduction 307 12.2. Nuclear paramagnetism and its measurement 308 12.3. Spatial encoding of the signal and image reconstruction 312 12.4. Contrast factors and examples of applications 318 12.5. Tomography or volumetry? 323 12.6. Bibliography 323 PART 5. FUNCTIONAL MEDICAL TOMOGRAPHY 327 Chapter 13. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 329 Irene BUVAT, Jacques DARCOURT and Philippe FRANKEN 13.1. Introduction 329 13.2. Radiopharmaceuticals 330 13.3. Detector 331 13.4. Image reconstruction 336 13.5. Example of myocardial SPECT 343 13.6. Conclusion 346 13.7. Bibliography 348 Chapter 14. Positron Emission Tomography 351 Michel DEFRISE and Regine TREBOSSEN 14.1. Introduction 351 14.2. Data acquisition 353 14.3. Data processing 363 14.4. Research and clinical applications of PET 370 14.5. Conclusion 373 14.6. Bibliography 374 Chapter 15. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 377 Christoph SEGEBARTH andMichel DECORPS 15.1. Introduction 377 15.2. Functional MRI of cerebrovascular responses 378 15.3. fMRI of BOLD contrasts 380 15.4. Different protocols 383 15.5. Bibliography 389 Chapter 16. Tomography of Electrical Cerebral Activity in Magneto- and Electro-encephalography 393 Line Garnero 16.1. Introduction 393 16.2. Principles of MEG and EEG 394 16.3. Imaging of electrical activity of the brain based on MEG and EEG signals 398 16.4. Conclusion 407 16.5. Bibliography 408 List of Authors 411 Index 417