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Contents:

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 1

Organization . . . . . . . . 2

Instructional Features . . . . . . . . 2

Extensive Practice Test Options. . . . . . . 3

Final Review . . . . . . . . . 3

Other Valuable Tools . . . . . . . 4

About the NCLEX Exam . . . . . . . 4

Advice for Preparing for the Exam . . . . . . 6

Advice for Test Day . . . . . . . 6

Hints for Using This Book . . . . . . . 7

Contact the Author . . . . . . . . 8

Study and Exam Preparation Tips . . . . . . . 9

Study Tips . . . . . . . . . 9

Exam Prep Tips . . . . . . . . 10

Read the Question Carefully . . . . . . 11

Look for Keywords . . . . . . . 11

Watch for Specific Details . . . . . . . 11

Eliminate Options That Are Clearly Wrong or Incorrect . . . 11

Look for Similar Options . . . . . . . 12

Look for Opposite Answers . . . . . . 13

Part I: Exam Preparation

Chapter 1: Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . 15

Three Areas of Pharmacology . . . . . . . 15

How Nurses Work with Pharmacology . . . . . . 16

Time-released Drugs. . . . . . . . 17

Administering Medications. . . . . . . 18

The Seven Rights of Administering Medication . . . . 18

Understanding and Identifying the Various Drugs . . . . . 19

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors . . . . . 19

Beta Adrenergic Blockers . . . . . . . 20

Anti-Infectives (Aminoglycosides) . . . . . . 21

Benzodiazepines (Anticonvulsants/Antianxiety). . . . 23

Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/Antiemetic) . . . . . 24

Glucocorticoids . . . . . . . . 25

Antivirals . . . . . . . . 27

Cholesterol-Lowering Agents . . . . . . 28

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers . . . . . . 29

Histamine 2 Antagonists . . . . . . . 30

Proton Pump Inhibitors . . . . . . . 31

Anticoagulants . . . . . . . . 32

More Drug Identification Helpers . . . . . . 33

Herbals . . . . . . . . . 34

Drug Schedules . . . . . . . . 35

Pregnancy Categories for Drugs . . . . . . . 35

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 36

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 36

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . 37

Answer Rationales . . . . . . . 39

Chapter 2: Fluid and Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance . . . . . . 41

Total Body Water Calculation . . . . . . . 41

Management of the Client with Imbalances in Fluid and Electrolytes . . . 43

Types of Intravenous Fluids . . . . . . 43

How the Body Regulates Electrolytes. . . . . 44

How the Body Regulates pH . . . . . . 52

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 60

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 60

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 60

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes . . . . . . . 60

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . 61

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 62

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 64

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 65

Chapter 3: Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . . 67

Hypertension . . . . . . . . . 68

Diagnosing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . 69

Managing the Client with Hypertension . . . . . 69

Coronary Artery Disease. . . . . . . 71

Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis . . . . . . 71

Conduction System of the Heart. . . . . . . 72

Heart Block. . . . . . . . 73

Cardiac Monitoring . . . . . . . . 74

Reading an Electrocardiogram. . . . . . 76

Cardiac Dysrhythmias . . . . . . . . 76

Ventricular Tachycardia. . . . . . . 78

Ventricular Fibrillation . . . . . . . 79

Internal Pacemaker/Internal Cardiac Defibrillators . . . . 79

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . . . . 80

Angina Pectoris . . . . . . . . 81

Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . 82

Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . 82

Management of a Client with Myocardial Infarction . . . . 83

Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . 89

Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart . . . . . . 90

Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . 90

Pericarditis . . . . . . . . 91

Peripheral Vascular Disease . . . . . . 91

Varicose Veins/Thrombophlebitis . . . . . . 92

Raynaud's Phenomenon . . . . . . . 93

Buerger's Disease . . . . . . . . 93

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . 94

Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 94

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . 95

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Treatment of Clients with Cardiovascular Disorders. . . . . . . . 96

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 101

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 101

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 103

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 104

Chapter 4: Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . 105

Pituitary Gland. . . . . . . . 106

Hypopituitarism . . . . . . . . 106

Hyperpituitarism . . . . . . . 106

Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland . . . . . 107

Thyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . 108

Hypothyroidism . . . . . . . . 108

Hyperthyroidism . . . . . . . 110

Parathyroid Disorders . . . . . . . . 112

Hypoparathyroidism . . . . . . . 112

Hyperparathyroidism. . . . . . . 113

Diabetes Mellitus . . . . . . . . 114

Hyperglycemia . . . . . . . . 116

Hypoglycemia. . . . . . . . 117

Managing Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia. . . . 117

Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . 118

Adrenal Gland Disorders . . . . . . . 119

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 123

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 123

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 124

Pharmacological Agents Used to Treat Clients with Endocrine Disorders. 124

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 128

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 128

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 130

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 131

Chapter 5: Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders. . . . . . 133

Noninfectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract . . . . 133

Chronic Bronchitis. . . . . . . 133

Emphysema. . . . . . . . 134

Asthma. . . . . . . . . 135

Pleurisy . . . . . . . . 137

Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . 138

Interstitial Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . 139

Sarcoidosis. . . . . . . . 139

Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . 140

Occupational Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . 140

Infectious Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract. . . . 142

Pneumonia . . . . . . . . 142

Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . 145

Influenza . . . . . . . . 147

Life-Threatening Pulmonary Disorders. . . . . . 148

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. . . . . 148

Pulmonary Embolus . . . . . . . 152

Pneumothorax . . . . . . . . 154

Hemothorax . . . . . . . . 155

Emerging Infections . . . . . . . . 158

SARS . . . . . . . . . 158

Legionnaires' Disease . . . . . . . 159

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 161

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 161

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 161

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . 162

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 165

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 166

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 168

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 169

Chapter 6: Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders . . . . . . 171

Renal Disorders . . . . . . . . 172

Acute Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . 172

Chronic Glomerulonephritis . . . . . . 173

Goodpasture's Syndrome . . . . . . . 174

Nephrotic Syndrome . . . . . . . 175

Polycystic Kidney Disease . . . . . . 176

Hydronephrosis/Hydroureteronephrosis . . . . . 177

Pyelonephritis. . . . . . . . 178

Acute and Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . 179

Chronic Renal Failure . . . . . . . 180

Peritoneal Dialysis . . . . . . . 181

Hemodialysis. . . . . . . . 182

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. . . . . 183

Renal Transplantation . . . . . . . 184

Urinary Disorders . . . . . . . . 185

Cystitis. . . . . . . . . 185

Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . 187

Urolithiasis . . . . . . . . 188

Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . . . 189

Prostatitis . . . . . . . . 190

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy . . . . . . 190

Erectile Dysfunction . . . . . . . 191

Epididymitis . . . . . . . . 193

Priapism. . . . . . . . 193

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 195

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 195

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 195

Pharmacologic Agents for the Client with Genitourinary Disorders. . 196

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 200

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 200

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 202

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 203

Chapter 7: Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . . 205

Common Infections of the Integumentary System . . . . . 205

Viral Infections . . . . . . . . 205

Fungal Infections . . . . . . . 207

Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . 208

Psoriasis. . . . . . . . . 208

Pressure Ulcers. . . . . . . . 209

Burns . . . . . . . . . 212

Burn Classifications . . . . . . . 213

Burn Measurement with TBSA . . . . . . 214

Nursing Care for Burn Victims . . . . . . 215

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 223

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 223

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 223

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders. . . . . . . . 224

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 226

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 226

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 228

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 229

Chapter 8: Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders. . . . . . 231

Disorders of the Eyes . . . . . . . . 231

Intraocular Disorders . . . . . . . 232

Uveitis . . . . . . . . . 236

Corneal Dystrophy and Corneal Transplantation . . . . 236

Retinal Disorders . . . . . . . 236

Refractive Errors . . . . . . . 239

Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . 240

Ocular Melanoma . . . . . . . 240

Disorders of the Ears. . . . . . . . 242

Otitis Externa . . . . . . . . 243

Otitis Media . . . . . . . . 243

Mastoiditis. . . . . . . . 244

Meniere's Disease. . . . . . . 244

Acoustic Neuroma . . . . . . . 245

Otosclerosis. . . . . . . . 245

Presbycusis . . . . . . . . 246

Ear Trauma . . . . . . . . 246

Assisting Clients with Hearing Loss . . . . . 247

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 250

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 250

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 251

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Eyes and Ears . . . . . . . . 251

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 253

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 253

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 255

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 256

Chapter 9: Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . . 257

Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . 258

Types of Ulcers. . . . . . . . 259

Diagnosis of Ulcers . . . . . . . 259

Treatment of Ulcers. . . . . . . 260

Inflammatory Bowel Disorders . . . . . . . 263

Crohn's Disease . . . . . . . . 263

Ulcerative Colitis . . . . . . . 263

Management of the Client with Inflammatory Bowel Disease . . . 264

Diverticular Disease. . . . . . . . 265

Management of the Client with Diverticulitis . . . . 265

Hemorrhoids . . . . . . . . 266

Appendicitis . . . . . . . . . 266

Peritonitis . . . . . . . . . 268

Intestinal Obstruction . . . . . . . . 269

Esophageal Disorders . . . . . . . . 270

GERD . . . . . . . . . 270

Hiatal Hernia . . . . . . . . 274

Diseases Associated with the Liver . . . . . . 275

Hepatitis . . . . . . . . 275

Cirrhosis . . . . . . . . 281

Acute Pancreatitis . . . . . . . . 285

Diagnosis of Pancreatitis. . . . . . . 286

Treatment of Pancreatitis . . . . . . . 286

Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . . . 287

Symptoms of Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis . . . . 288

Diagnosis of Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis . . . . . 288

Treatment of Cholecystitis . . . . . . 289

Treatment of Cholethiasis. . . . . . . 289

Clostridium Difficile . . . . . . . . 290

Food-Borne Illnesses. . . . . . . . 291

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 294

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 294

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 295

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . 295

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 297

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 298

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 300

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 301

Chapter 10: Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . . . 303

Anemia. . . . . . . . . 303

Pernicious Anemia . . . . . . . 304

Aplastic Anemia . . . . . . . . 304

Sickle Cell Anemia. . . . . . . 305

Iron Deficiency Anemia . . . . . . . 309

Thalassemia . . . . . . . . . 311

Polycythemia Vera . . . . . . . . 312

Hemophilia . . . . . . . . . 313

Transfusion Therapy . . . . . . . . 315

Transfusion Reactions . . . . . . . 317

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 319

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 319

Diagnostic Tests for Review . . . . . . 319

Pharmacological Agents Used in Hematological Disorders . . . 320

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 321

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 321

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 323

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 324

Chapter 11:Care of the Client with Disorders of the Neurological System. . . . 325

Neurological Assessment . . . . . . . 326

Cranial Nerve Assessment . . . . . . 326

Glasgow Coma Scale . . . . . . . 327

Intracranial Pressure Monitors. . . . . . 328

Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . 329

Epidural Hematomas. . . . . . . 332

Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . 332

Intracerebral Hematomas . . . . . . . 332

Treatment of Hematomas . . . . . . . 332

Increased Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . 332

Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . 336

Treatment of Brain Tumors . . . . . . 337

Care of the Client with Intracranial Surgery (Craniotomy) . . . . 338

Cerebrovascular Accident/Stroke . . . . . . 342

Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . . 342

Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . 344

Seizures . . . . . . . . . 347

Types of Seizures . . . . . . . 347

Treatment of Seizure Clients . . . . . . 350

Parkinson's Disease . . . . . . . . 350

Meningitis . . . . . . . . . 352

Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. . . . . . 354

Multiple Sclerosis. . . . . . . 354

Myasthenia Gravis . . . . . . . 355

Guillain-Barre. . . . . . . . 357

Degenerative Neurological Disorders . . . . . . 358

Cranial Nerve Disorders. . . . . . . 359

Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . 359

Bell's Palsy. . . . . . . . 359

Spinal Cord Injuries . . . . . . . . 360

Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries. . . . . . 361

Potential Complications with SCI Clients . . . . . 362

Intervertebral Disk Disease . . . . . . . 363

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 366

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 366

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 367

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Clients with Neurological Disorders. . . . . . . . 368

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 373

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 373

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 376

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 377

Chapter 12: Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders . . . . . . 379

Immunodeficiency Syndrome . . . . . . . 380

Diagnoses . . . . . . . . . 381

HIV Prevention . . . . . . . . 383

Standard Precautions. . . . . . . 383

Airborne Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 384

Droplet Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 384

Contact Transmission-Based Precautions (Second Tier of CDC Guidelines for Infection Control) . . . . . . . 385

Treatments After Occupational Exposure. . . . . 385

Management of the Client with HIV . . . . . . 385

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 389

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 389

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 389

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders. . . . . . . . 390

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 393

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 394

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 396

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 397

Chapter 13: Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . . . 399

American Cancer Society's Seven Warning Signs of Cancer. . . . 399

The Four Major Categories of Cancer. . . . . . 400

Risk Factors for Specific Cancers . . . . . . 400

Cancer Prevention . . . . . . . . 402

Major Types of Cancer . . . . . . . 403

Colorectal Cancer . . . . . . . 403

Lung Cancer. . . . . . . . 407

Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . 409

Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . 411

Other Major Cancers. . . . . . . 416

General Interventions for Clients with Cancer . . . . . 421

Radiation . . . . . . . . 421

Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . 423

Total Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . 424

Neoplastic-Associated Disorders and Emergencies . . . . 426

Bone Marrow and Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation . . . . 427

Types of Transplants . . . . . . . 428

Nursing Care After Transplantation . . . . . 428

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 431

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 431

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 432

Pharmacologic Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Specific Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . . . . 433

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 440

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 440

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 443

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 445

Chapter 14: Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . . 447

Fractures . . . . . . . . . 448

Major Fracture Sites . . . . . . . 450

General Treatment for Fractures. . . . . . 450

Common Complications Associated with Fractures . . . . 454

Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . 457

Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . 458

Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . 459

Treatment of the Client with Osteoarthritis . . . . . 459

Fibromyalgia. . . . . . . . . 460

Ankylosing Spondylitis . . . . . . . 460

Gout. . . . . . . . . 461

Rheumatoid Arthritis. . . . . . . . 462

Lupus Erythematosus . . . . . . . . 464

Musculoskeletal Surgical Procedures . . . . . . 466

Fractured Hip and Hip Replacement . . . . . 466

Total Knee Replacement. . . . . . . 467

Amputations . . . . . . . . 468

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 474

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 474

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 474

Pharmacologic Agents Used in Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders. . . . . . . . 475

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 479

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 479

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 481

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 482

Chapter 15: Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client . . . . . 483

Prenatal Care . . . . . . . . 483

Signs of Pregnancy. . . . . . . 483

Prenatal Diet and Weight Maintenance . . . . . 484

Measuring Fetal Heart Tones. . . . . . 486

Measuring Fundal Height. . . . . . . 486

Prelabor Testing . . . . . . . . 486

Intrapartal Care . . . . . . . . 488

Stages of Labor. . . . . . . . 489

Important Terms You Should Know . . . . . 489

Complications Associated with Pregnancy. . . . . 490

Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy. . . . . . 490

Diabetes in Pregnancy. . . . . . . 493

Preeclampsia . . . . . . . . 494

Ectopic Pregnancy . . . . . . . 495

Hydatidiform Mole . . . . . . . 495

Incompetent Cervix . . . . . . . 496

Types of Abortions. . . . . . . 496

Placenta Previa . . . . . . . . 497

Abruptio Placenta. . . . . . . 497

Complications Associated with Labor and Delivery . . . . 498

Fetal Malpresentation . . . . . . . 499

Post-term Labor and Birth . . . . . . 499

Precipitate Delivery . . . . . . . 500

Cord Prolapse. . . . . . . . 500

Cesarean Birth . . . . . . . . 500

Assisted Birth . . . . . . . . 501

Fetal Monitoring . . . . . . . 501

Pharmacologic Management of Labor . . . . . . 503

Postpartum Care . . . . . . . . 504

Newborn Care . . . . . . . . 505

Terms Associated with the Normal Newborn . . . . 506

Rh Incompatibility . . . . . . . 507

Women's Health Issues . . . . . . . 508

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease . . . . . . 508

Menopause . . . . . . . . 508

Maternal Infections . . . . . . . 508

Methods of Contraception . . . . . . 511

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 514

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 514

Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . 515

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Obstetric Client . . 516

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 517

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 518

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 520

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 521

Chapter 16: Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . . 523

Growth and Development . . . . . . . 523

Infant (28 Days to 1 Year). . . . . . . 523

Toddler (1-3 Years) . . . . . . . 524

Preschooler (3-5 Years) . . . . . . . 525

School Age (6-12 Years) . . . . . . . 527

Adolescence (12-18 Years) . . . . . . 527

Caring for the Child with Respiratory Disorders . . . . . 528

Upper Airway Infections. . . . . . . 529

Lower Airway Infections. . . . . . . 533

Long-Term Respiratory Disorders . . . . . . 535

Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) . . . . . . 536

Caring for the Child with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 537

Disorders of Motility. . . . . . . 538

Structural Defects . . . . . . . 540

Obstructive Disorders . . . . . . . 542

Inflammatory and Parasitic Disorders. . . . . 544

Malabsorptive/Metabolic Syndromes . . . . . 545

Ingestion of Hazardous Substances . . . . . . 547

Caring for the Child with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . 549

Congenital Heart Defects. . . . . . . 550

Acquired Heart Disease. . . . . . . 557

Caring for the Child with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . 560

Obstructive Uropathy . . . . . . . 561

External Defects (Hypospadias, Epispadias, Exstrophy of the Bladder). . 561

Epispadias/Exstrophy of the Bladder . . . . . 562

Caring for the Child with Neoplastic Disorders. . . . . 563

Leukemia. . . . . . . . 563

Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma) . . . . . . 563

Retinoblastoma. . . . . . . . 564

Neuroblastoma . . . . . . . . 564

Osteosarcoma and Ewing's Sarcoma . . . . . 564

Rhabdomyosarcoma. . . . . . . 565

Surviving Childhood Cancer . . . . . . 565

Caring for the Child with Cerebral Disorders . . . . . 566

Intracranial Infections (Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis) . . . 566

Reye's Syndrome . . . . . . . 567

Caring for the Child with Integumentary Disorders . . . . 568

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) . . . . . . 568

Scabies . . . . . . . . . 569

Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice) . . . . . . 569

Lyme Disease . . . . . . . . 570

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever . . . . . . 570

Caring for the Child with Communicable Disease. . . . . 571

Caring for the Child with Musculoskeletal Disorders . . . . 573

Congenital Clubfoot . . . . . . . 573

Developmental Hip Dysplasia . . . . . . 573

Osteogenesis Imperfecta . . . . . . . 574

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease (Coxa Plana) . . . . . 575

Scoliosis . . . . . . . . 576

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) . . . 576

Caring for the Child with Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . 577

Cerebral Palsy. . . . . . . . 577

Neural Tube Defects . . . . . . . 578

Spina Bifida. . . . . . . . 578

Muscular Dystrophies . . . . . . . 579

Caring for the Abused and Neglected Child . . . . . 580

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 583

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 583

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 584

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of Pediatric Clients . . . 584

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 584

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 585

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 587

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 588

Chapter 17: Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . 589

Anxiety-related Disorders. . . . . . . 589

Generalized Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . 590

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder . . . . . . 590

Dissociative Identity Disorder . . . . . . 591

Somatoform Disorder . . . . . . . 591

Panic Disorder . . . . . . . . 591

Phobic Disorders . . . . . . . 592

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder . . . . . . 592

Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . 593

Cluster A . . . . . . . . 593

Cluster B . . . . . . . . 594

Cluster C. . . . . . . . 595

Managing Clients with Personality Disorders . . . . 596

Psychotic Disorders. . . . . . . . 597

Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . 597

Bipolar Disorders . . . . . . . 599

Substance Abuse. . . . . . . . 602

Alcoholism . . . . . . . . 602

Chemical Dependence. . . . . . . 604

Psychological Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence . . . . 606

Autistic Disorder . . . . . . . 607

Conduct Disorder . . . . . . . 607

Oppositional Defiant Disorder . . . . . . 608

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder . . . . . 608

Eating Disorders . . . . . . . 608

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 611

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 611

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 612

Pharmacological Agents Used in the Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . . . . . 612

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 617

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 618

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 620

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 621

Chapter 18: Emergency Care. . . . . . . . . 623

The ABCDs of Emergency Care. . . . . . 624

Airway . . . . . . . . . 624

Breathing. . . . . . . . 625

Circulation . . . . . . . . 625

Deficits . . . . . . . . 626

Obtaining Client Information . . . . . . 627

Trauma . . . . . . . . . 627

Head Injuries . . . . . . . . 627

Chest Injuries . . . . . . . . 628

Abdominal Injuries. . . . . . . 628

Documenting and Protecting Forensic Evidence . . . . 629

Poisoning . . . . . . . . . 630

Poisonous Stings and Bites . . . . . . . 631

Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . 632

Chemical and Biological Agents . . . . . . 632

Nuclear Warfare. . . . . . . . 634

Triage Categories for Disaster Victims . . . . . 635

Key Concepts . . . . . . . . 637

Key Terms . . . . . . . . 637

Diagnostics . . . . . . . . 637

Pharmacological Agents Commonly Used in ER Treatment . . . 637

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 638

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 638

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 640

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 641

Chapter 19: Legal Issues in Nursing Practice . . . . . . . 643

Types of Laws. . . . . . . . 644

Statutory Laws/Regulatory Laws. . . . . . 644

Civil Laws . . . . . . . . 644

Criminal Laws . . . . . . . . 644

Common Law. . . . . . . . 644

Code of Ethical Behavior in Nursing Practice . . . . . 645

Legal Theories That Affect Nursing Practice . . . . . 646

Negligence . . . . . . . . 647

Malpractice . . . . . . . . 647

Witnessing Consent for Care. . . . . . 647

Tort . . . . . . . . . 647

Assault and Battery . . . . . . . 648

Fraud . . . . . . . . . 648

Managing Client Care. . . . . . . . 648

Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 652

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 652

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 653

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 655

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 656

Chapter 20: Cultural Practices Influencing Nursing Care . . . . . . 657

Cultural Assessment. . . . . . . . 657

Understanding Client Beliefs . . . . . . 657

Working with Clients Who Speak Different Languages . . . 658

Healthcare of Hispanics/Latinos . . . . . . 659

Time Considerations . . . . . . . 660

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 660

Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 661

Healthcare of Native Americans and Alaskan Natives . . . . 661

Time Considerations . . . . . . . 661

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 662

Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 662

Healthcare of Asian-Americans . . . . . . . 662

Time Considerations . . . . . . . 663

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 663

Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 664

Healthcare of Arab-Americans. . . . . . . 664

Time Considerations . . . . . . . 665

Use of Nonverbal/Verbal Communication. . . . . 665

Childbirth and Pain Response . . . . . . 665

Nursing Plan Dietary Considerations Across Cultures . . . . 665

Religious Beliefs and Refusal of Care Considerations . . . . 667

Key Terms. . . . . . . . . 669

Apply Your Knowledge . . . . . . . 669

Exam Questions . . . . . . . . 669

Answers to Exam Questions . . . . . . 671

Suggested Reading and Resources. . . . . . 672

Part II: Final Review

Fast Facts The NCLEX RN Exam Prep . . . . . . . . 673

Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . . 681

Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid/Base Balance. . . . . 682

Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . . 686

Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . . 693

Care of the Client with Immunological Disorders . . . . . 700

Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client . . . . 705

Practice Exam II. . . . . . . . . 717

Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders . . . . . 718

Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders. . . . . 723

Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . . 728

Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders . . . . . 731

Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . . 736

Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . . 744

Emergency Care. . . . . . . . 749

Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . . 753

Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . . 754

Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 760

Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . . 767

Care of the Client with Neurological Disorders. . . . . 777

Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . . 786

Practice Exam IV Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . 791

Management Questions . . . . . . . 792

Alternative Items . . . . . . . . 808

Answers to Practice Exam I . . . . . . . . 819

Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam I . . . . . . 819

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 821

Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid/Base Balance . . . . 821

Care of the Client with Cardiovascular Disorders . . . . 823

Care of the Client with Endocrine Disorders . . . . 828

Care of the Client with Immunologic Disorders. . . . 832

Care of the Childbearing Client and the Neonatal Client. . . 835

Answers to Practice Exam II . . . . . . . . 843

Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam II . . . . . . 843

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 845

Care of the Client with Respiratory Disorders . . . . 845

Care of the Client with Genitourinary Disorders . . . . 848

Care of the Client with Integumentary Disorders . . . . 851

Care of the Client with Sensory Disorders . . . . . 853

Care of the Pediatric Client . . . . . . 855

Care of the Client with Psychiatric Disorders. . . . 859

Emergency Care. . . . . . . . 862

Answers to Practice Exam III . . . . . . . . 865

Answers at a Glance to Practice Exam III . . . . . 865

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . 867

Care of the Client with Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders . 867

Care of the Client with Gastrointestinal Disorders . . . . 870

Care of the Client with Neoplastic Disorders . . . . 873

Care of the Client with Neurological Disorders . . . . 878

Care of the Client with Hematological Disorders . . . . 883

Answers to Practice Exam IV: Management and Alternative Item Exam Questions. . . . . 885

Answers to Management Questions . . . . . . 885

Alternative Item Answers . . . . . . . 894

Part III: Appendixes

Appendix A: Things You Forgot . . . . . . . . . 899

Appendix B: Need to Know More?. . . . . . . . 905

Appendix C: Calculations . . . . . . . . . 911

Appendix D: Most Commonly-Prescribed Medications in the United States . . . . 915

TOC, 9780789751065, 11/21/2013