Main description:

Plant hormone signaling plays an important role in many physiological and developmental processes including stress response. With the advent of new post-genomic molecular techniques, the potential for increasing our understanding of the impact of hormone signaling on gene expression and adaptive processes has never been higher. Unlocking the molecular underpinnings of these processes shows great promise for the development of new plant biotechnologies and improved crop varieties. The topics included in this book emphasize on genomics and functional genomics aspects, to understand the global and whole genome level changes upon particular stress conditions. With the functional genomics tools, the mechanism of phytohormone signaling and their target genes can be defined in a more systematic manner. The integrated analysis of phytohormone signaling under single or multiple stress conditions may prove exceptional to design stress tolerant crop plants in the field conditions.
Bringing together the latest advances, as well as the work being done to apply these findings to plant and crop science, Mechanism of Plant Hormone Signaling Under Stress will prove extremely useful to plant and stress biologists, plant biotechnology researchers, as well as students and teachers.

Contents:

Volume I Part I Action of Phytohormones in Stress 1 1 Auxin as a Mediator of Abiotic Stress Responses 3 Branka Salopek-Sondi, Iva Pavlovic, Ana Smolko, and Dunja amec ' 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Auxin: A Short Overview of Appearance, Metabolism, Transport, and Analytics 4 1.3 How Auxin Homeostasis Shifts with Diverse Abiotic Stresses 9 1.4 How Does Auxin Signaling Respond to Abiotic Stress? 13 1.5 Auxin and Redox State During Abiotic Stress 15 1.6 Auxin-Stress Hormones Crosstalk in Stress Conditions 18 1.7 Promiscuous Protein Players of Plant Adaptation: Biochemical and Structural Views 21 1.8 Conclusion 24 Acknowledgment 24 References 25 2 Mechanism of Auxin Mediated Stress Signaling in Plants 37 Lekshmy S, Krishna G.K., Jha S.K., and Sairam R.K. 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Auxin Biosynthesis, Homeostasis, and Signaling 37 2.3 Auxin Mediated Stress Responses in Model and Crop Plants 40 2.4 Regulation of Root System Architecture under Drought and Nutrient Stresses 41 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 45 References 46 3 Integrating the Knowledge of Auxin Homeostasis with Stress Tolerance in Plants 53 Shivani Saini, Isha Sharma, and Pratap Kumar Pati 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Auxin Biosynthesis and its Role in Plant Stress 53 3.3 Auxin Transport and its Role in Plant Stress 57 3.4 Auxin Signaling and its Role in Plant Stress 60 3.5 Auxin Conjugation and Degradation and its Role in Plant Stress 61 3.6 Conclusions 63 References 63 4 Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses 71 Nguyen Binh Anh Thu, Xuan Lan Thi Hoang, Mai Thuy Truc, Saad Sulieman, Nguyen Phuong Thao, and Lam-Son Phan Tran 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 CK Metabolism 72 4.3 The Components of the CK Signaling Pathway 77 4.4 CK Signaling in Plant Responses to the Abiotic Stresses 81 4.5 Genetic Engineering of CK Content for Improvement of Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses 82 4.6 Conclusions 88 Acknowledgments 88 References 88 5 Crosstalk Between Gibberellins and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Machinery in Plants 101 Ashutosh Sharan, Jeremy Dkhar, Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek, and Ashwani Pareek 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Gibberellins: Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling 102 5.3 GA Metabolism and Signaling During Abiotic Stress 106 5.4 Crosstalk between GA and Other Plant Hormones in Response to Abiotic Stresses 114 5.5 Applications in Crop Improvement 117 5.6 Conclusion 118 Acknowledgment 119 References 119 6 The Crosstalk of GA and JA: A Fine-Tuning of the Balance of Plant Growth, Development, and Defense 127 Yuge Li and Xingliang Hou 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 GA Pathway in Plants 128 6.3 JA Pathway in Plants 129 6.4 GA Antagonizes JA-Mediated Defense 131 6.5 JA Inhibits GA-Mediated Growth 133 6.6 GA and JA Synergistically Mediate Plant Development 134 6.7 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 7 Jasmonate Signaling and Stress Management in Plants 143 Sirhindi Geetika, Mushtaq Ruqia, Sharma Poonam, Kaur Harpreet, and Ahmad Mir Mudaser 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 JA Biosynthesis and Metabolic Fate 144 7.3 JA Signaling Network 146 7.4 Physiological Role of JAs 151 7.5 JA Regulated Stress Responses 156 7.6 Conclusion 159 References 159 8 Mechanism of ABA Signaling in Response to Abiotic Stress in Plants 173 Ankush Ashok Saddhe, Kundan Kumar, and Padmanabh Dwivedi 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Signal Perception and ABA Receptors 175 8.3 Negative Regulators of ABA Signaling: Protein Phosphatase 2C (PP2C) 178 8.4 Positive Regulators of ABA Signaling: SnRK2 179 8.5 ABA Signaling Regulating Transcription Factor 181 8.6 Crosstalk Between Various ABA Responsive Pathways in Abiotic Stress 186 8.7 Summary and Future Prospects 187 Acknowledgments 188 Abbreviations 188 References 188 9 Abscisic Acid Signaling and Involvement of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases and Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases During Plant Abiotic Stress 197 Aryadeep Roychoudhury and Aditya Banerjee 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 ABA Signaling in Plants 198 9.3 The Signalosome and Signaling Responses Mediated by ABA: Structural Alterations in ABA by PYR/PYL/RCAR 207 9.4 Structural Alterations During PP2C Inhibition by ABA 208 9.5 The abi1-1 Mutation Mystery Solved 208 9.6 Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) TFs in ABA Signaling 209 9.7 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Cascades and Regulation of Downstream Signaling 210 9.8 Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) 219 9.9 MAPK-CDPK Crosstalk 225 9.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 226 Acknowledgments 227 References 227 10 Abscisic Acid Activates Pathogenesis-Related Defense Gene Signaling in Lentils 243 Rebecca Ford, David Tan, Niloofar Vaghefi, and Barkat Mustafa 10.1 Plant Host Defense Mechanisms 243 10.2 Phytoalexins and Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins 247 10.3 The Role of Plant Hormones in Pathogen Defense 247 10.4 The Lentil Ascochyta lentis Pathosystem 251 10.5 Key Defense-Related Genes Involved in Ascochyta lentis Defense 252 10.6 The Effect of Exogenous Hormone Treatment on PR4 and PR10 Transcription in Lentils 253 10.7 Conclusions 259 References 261 11 Signaling and Modulation of Non-Coding RNAs in plants by Abscisic Acid (ABA) 271 Raj Kumar Joshi, Swati Megha, Urmila Basu, and Nat N.V. Kav 11.1 Introduction 271 11.2 Biogenesis of Non-Coding RNAs in Plants 273 11.3 Mode of Action of ncRNAs in Plants 274 11.4 ABA Signaling in Plants 276 11.5 Non-Coding RNAs and ABA Response 280 11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 285 References 286 12 Ethylene and Stress Mediated Signaling in Plants: A Molecular Perspective 295 Priyanka Agarwal, Gitanjali Jiwani, Ashima Khurana, Pankaj Gupta, and Rahul Kumar 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 Types of Stress 295 12.3 Overview of Stress Signaling 298 12.4 Conclusion 316 Acknowledgment 316 References 317 13 Regulatory Function of Ethylene in Plant Responses to Drought, Cold, and Salt Stresses 327 Haixia Pei, Honglin Wang, Lijuan Wang, Fangfang Zheng, and Chun-Hai Dong 13.1 Functional Roles of Ethylene in Plant Drought Tolerance 328 13.2 Ethylene Signaling in Plant Cold Tolerance 330 13.3 Ethylene Signaling and Response to Salt Stress 333 13.4 Conclusion 336 References 337 14 Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling Under Environmental Stresses 345 Ione Salgado, Halley Caixeta Oliveira, and Marilia Gaspar 14.1 Introduction 345 14.2 Mechanisms of NO Action in Plants 346 14.3 The Control of NO Homeostasis in Plants 348 14.4 NO and the Response to Abiotic Stresses 351 14.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 358 References 360 15 Cell Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 371 Yuliya A. Krasylenko, Alla I. Yemets, and Yaroslav B. Blume 15.1 Introduction 371 15.2 Duality of RNS: Key Secondary Messengers in Plant Cells versus Nitrosative Stress Agents 373 15.3 Tyrosine Nitration as a Hallmark of Nitrosative Stress and Regulatory Post-Translational Modification 376 15.4 NO and Environmental Abiotic Challenges 380 15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 388 Acknowledgments 389 References 389 16 S-Nitrosylation in Abiotic Stress in Plants and Nitric Oxide Interaction with Plant Hormones 399 Ankita Sehrawat and Renu Deswal 16.1 Introduction 399 16.2 S-Nitrosylation in Abiotic Stress 400 16.3 Nitric Oxide and Plant Hormone Interaction 407 16.4 Conclusions and Future Areas of Research 409 References 409 17 Salicylic Acid Signaling and its Role in Responses to Stresses in Plants 413 Pingzhi Zhao, Gui-Hua Lu, and Yong-Hua Yang 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Plants 414 17.3 Salicylic Acid: A Central Molecule in Plant Responses to Stress 417 17.4 Salicylic Acid in Relation to Other Phytohormones in Response to Plant Stress Status 427 17.5 Conclusion 429 References 429 18 Glucose and Brassinosteroid Signaling Network in Controlling Plant Growth and Development Under Different Environmental Conditions 443 Manjul Singh, Aditi Gupta, and Ashverya Laxmi 18.1 Introduction 443 18.2 Glucose Homeostasis and Signaling in Plants 444 18.3 Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signaling 447 18.4 Role of Glc in Plant Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions 452 18.5 Role of BR in Plant Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions 454 18.6 Glc-BR Crosstalk and its Adaptive Significance in Plant Development 458 18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 459 References 459 Index 471 Volume II Part II Interaction of Other Components with Phytohormones 1 1 Interaction between Hormone and Redox Signaling in Plants: Divergent Pathways and Convergent Roles 3 Srivastava AK, Redij T, Sharma B, and Suprasanna P 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Redox-Hormone Crosstalk in Plants 4 1.3 Auxin 4 1.4 Abscisic Acid 9 1.5 Ethylene 11 1.6 Jasmonic Acid 11 1.7 Salicylic Acid 12 1.8 Brassinosteroids 14 1.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 15 References 15 2 Redox Regulatory Networks in Response to Biotic Stress in Plants: A New Insight Through Chickpea-Fusarium Interplay 23 Anirban Bhar, Sumanti Gupta, Moniya Chatterjee, and Sampa Das 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Production and Scavenging of ROS: The Balance versus Perturbations 24 2.3 Role of ROS in Plants: Ease and Disease 28 2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species Networks in Plants 28 2.5 ROS Signaling in Chickpea-Fusarium Interplay 34 2.6 Concluding Remarks 36 Acknowledgments 37 References 37 3 Ca2+, The Miracle Molecule in Plant Hormone Signaling During Abiotic Stress 45 Swatismita Dhar Ray 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Intricacies of Hormonal Signaling in Abiotic Stress 46 3.3 Ca2+ Regulated Hormonal Signaling 50 3.4 Calreticulin (CRT) 67 3.5 Conclusion 67 Acknowledgment 68 Abbreviations 68 References 69 4 Phosphoglycerolipid Signaling in Response to Hormones Under Stress 91 Igor Pokotylo, Martin Janda, Tetiana Kalachova, Alain Zachowski, and Eric Ruelland 4.1 Main Players in Phosphoglycerolipid Signaling Machinery 91 4.2 Lipid Signaling, An Important Component of Plant Stress Responses 97 4.3 Involvement of Phosphoglycerolipids in Phytohormone Signaling 104 4.4 Stresses Can Affect Responses to Hormones by Altering Phosphoglycerolipid Machinery 111 4.5 Conclusion 113 Acknowledgments 113 References 113 5 The Role of the Plant Cytoskeleton in Phytohormone Signaling under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses 127 Yaroslav B. Blume, Yuliya A. Krasylenko, and Alla I. Yemets 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Phytohormone-Mediated Perception of Abiotic Factors via the Cytoskeleton 131 5.3 Cytoskeleton Regulation in Plant Interactions with Pathogens/Symbionts: Jasmonic and Salicylic Acids, and Strigolactones 162 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 169 Acknowledgments 169 Abbreviations 169 References 170 6 Proteins in Phytohormone Signaling Pathways for Abiotic Stress in Plants 187 Sasikiran Reddy Sangireddy, Zhujia Ye, Sarabjit Bhatti, Xiao Bo Pei, Muhammad Younas Khan Barozai, Theodore Thannhauser, and Suping Zhou 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Metabolic Pathways of Phytohormones and Stress-Induced Protein Expression Affecting their Biosynthesis Process 187 6.3 Proteins for Intra- and Inter-Cellular Transport of Phytohormones 190 6.4 Hormone Signaling Systems, Hormone Crosstalk, and Stress Responses 191 6.5 The Application of Proteomics in the Identification of Hormone Signaling Pathways 193 6.6 Conclusion and Prospective 194 References 194 7 Perturbation and Disruption of Plant Hormone Signaling by Organic Xenobiotic Pollution 199 Anne-Antonella Serra, Diana Alberto, Fanny Ramel, Gwenola Gouesbet, Cecile Sulmon, and Ivan Couee 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Plant-Hormone-Interfering Naturally-Occurring Organic Compounds Play Important Roles in the Chemical Ecology of Plants 204 7.3 Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Wide-Ranging Molecular Effects of Plant-Organic Xenobiotic Interactions 205 7.4 The Wide-Ranging Molecular Effects of Plant-Organic Xenobiotic Interactions Emphasize the Involvement of Regulatory Processes 206 7.5 Specifically Designed Organic Xenobiotics Directly Interact with Plant Hormone Systems 209 7.6 Organic Xenobiotics Can Cause Biological Effects that Interfere with Plant Hormone Dynamics and Signaling 210 7.7 The Diversity of Organic Xenobiotic Occurrences in Environmental Pollutions Can Induce Plant Hormone Perturbations in Non-Target Plant Communities 212 7.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 214 Acknowledgments 214 Abbreviations 214 References 214 8 Plant Hormone Signaling Mediates Plant Growth Plasticity in Response to Metal Stress 223 Xiangpei Kong, Huiyu Tian, and Zhaojun Ding 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Cadmium (Cd) 224 8.3 Aluminum (Al) 226 8.4 Other Metals 228 Acknowledgments 229 References 229 Part III Transcriptional Regulators of Phytohormones 237 9 Transcription Factors and Hormone-Mediated Mechanisms Regulate Stomata Development and Responses Under Abiotic Stresses: An Overview 239 Marco Landi, Alice Basile, Marco Fambrini, and Claudio Pugliesi 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Stomata Development 240 9.3 Stomatal Response to Drought/Salinity and Waterlogging/Anoxia Constraints 253 9.3.1 Root-to-Shoot Communication 253 9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 262 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 10 Convergence of Stress-Induced Hormone Signaling Pathways on a Transcriptional Co-Factor 285 Nidhi Dwivedi, Vinay Kumar, and Jitendra K. Thakur 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Mediator Complex 286 10.3 Role of Mediator in Transcription 289 10.4 Flexibility of Mediator 290 10.5 Phytohormone Signaling Under Stress 291 10.6 Effect of Hormone and Stress on the Expression of Mediator Subunit Genes 293 10.7 Involvement of Specific Mediator Subunits in Hormone Signaling and Stress Response 295 10.8 Convergence of Signaling Pathways on the Mediator Complex 303 10.9 Conclusion 304 Acknowledgment 305 References 305 11 Micro-Regulators of Hormones and Stress 319 Neha Sharma, Deepti Mittal, and Neeti-Sanan Mishra 11.1 Introduction 319 11.2 Plant microRNAs 320 11.3 Role of miRs in Hormone Signaling 325 11.4 miR Mediated Regulation of Abiotic Stress 332 11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 335 References 336 Part IV Involvement of Multiple Phytohormones in Stress Responses 353 12 Signal Transduction Components in Guard Cells During Stomatal Closure by Plant Hormones and Microbial Elicitors 355 Srinivas Agurla, Gunja Gayatri, and Agepati S. Raghavendra 12.1 Introduction 355 12.2 Compounds or Signals that Regulate Stomatal Function 356 12.3 Guard Cell Turgor and Stomatal Closure: Ion Fluxes as the Basis 360 12.4 Experimental Approaches to Studying Signaling Components 360 12.5 Sensing Systems in Guard Cells 361 12.6 Signaling Components in Guard Cells 363 12.7 Validation with Arabidopsis Mutants 372 12.8 Concluding Remarks 374 Acknowledgments 375 References 375 13 Plants Defense and Survival Strategies versus Pathogens Anti-Defense and Infection Capabilities: The Hormone-Based Mechanisms 389 Pranav Pankaj Sahu, Namisha Sharma, and Manoj Prasad 13.1 Introduction 389 13.2 Modulation of Hormone Signaling Networks by Pathogens for Virulence 390 13.3 Alteration of the Hormone Signaling Network by Plants for Disease Resistance 400 13.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 405 Acknowledgment 405 References 405 14 Exploring Crossroads Between Seed Development and Stress Response 415 Sushma Naithani, Hiro Nonogaki, and Pankaj Jaiswal 14.1 Introduction 415 14.2 Genes, Proteins, and Pathways Involved in Seed Development 419 14.3 Genes at the Intersection of Seed Development and Stress Response 424 14.4 Exploring Bioinformatics Resources 425 14.5 Insights and Future Prospects 441 Acknowledgments 444 References 444 15 Role of Multiple Phytohormones in Regulating Stress Responses in Plants 455 Diwaker Tripathi, Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri, and Dhirendra Kumar 15.1 Introduction 455 15.2 Biotic Stress 456 15.3 Role of Hormones in Abiotic Stress 461 15.4 Interaction of SA with other Stress Hormones 466 15.5 SA/ABA Antagonism 467 15.6 Future Perspective and Challenges 467 Acknowledgments 468 References 468 16 Phytohormones and Drought Stress: Plant Responses to Transcriptional Regulation 477 Neha Pandey, Zahra Iqbal, Bhoopendra K. Pandey, and Samir V. Sawant 16.1 Introduction 477 16.2 Phytohormones: Role in Plant Growth and Development 479 16.3 Plant Hormonal Response to Stress Conditions 481 16.4 Hormonal Mediated Transcriptional Response to Stress Conditions 488 16.5 Phytohormone Mediated Signaling Response Under Stress Conditions 490 16.6 Significance of Phytohormones in Plant Genetic Engineering 493 16.7 Conclusion 493 References 493 17 Mechanisms of Hormone Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses 505 Jogeswar Panigrahi, and Gyana Ranjan Rout 17.1 Introduction 505 17.2 Role of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development 506 17.3 Common Tenets in Hormone Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress 507 17.4 Role of ROS in Hormone Signaling Pathways 509 17.5 Role of MAPK in Hormone Signaling Pathways 511 17.6 Role of Jasmonic Acid and Cytokinin on Hormone Signaling Pathways 515 17.7 Role of Brassinosteroids on Hormone Signaling Pathways 516 17.8 The Crosstalk of Hormones and Hormone-Like Substances in Plants under Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses 518 17.9 Conclusion 520 References 521 18 Transgenic Approaches to Improve Crop Productivity via Phytohormonal Research: A Focus on the Mechanisms of Phytohormone Action 533 Brijesh Gupta, Rohit Joshi, Ashwani Pareek, and Sneh L. Singla-Pareek 18.1 Introduction 533 18.2 Phytohormones and Crop Yield: Approaches and Vision for Genetic Improvement 535 18.3 Manipulation of Phytohormone Levels in Transgenic Plants to Improve Crop Productivity 541 18.4 Phytohormonal Crosstalks to Enhance Crop Productivity 550 18.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 552 Acknowledgments 553 References 554 Index 569